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Immunology 2 > #3 - Life of a T Cell: Responding to an Infection > Flashcards

#3 - Life of a T Cell: Responding to an Infection Flashcards

1
Q

what type of cell produces the third signal for T cell activation?

A

antigen presenting cell

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2
Q

what’s the difference between NK cells and NK T cells?

A

NK T cells (also known as iNK T cells) have TCRs

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3
Q

what’s the difference between the secretion of cytokines from CD4 and NK T cells?

A

NK T cells secrete cytokines very rapidly, usually within minutes or hours of stimulation

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4
Q

what is the principal role of dendritic cells?

A

to respond to pathogens with the release of cytokines

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5
Q

what determines the type of signal three that is secreted?

A

the PRR on the APC that reacts to the pathogen

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6
Q

what role do Th17 cells play?

A

important in fungal and viral infections

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7
Q

what are all the relevant cytokines and TF’s for Th17?

A

IL-1, IL-6 and TGF-beta activate Th17 cells, RORgamma-t is the necessary transcription factor, IL-17 is the cytokine that it produces

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8
Q

what role do Treg cells play?

A

they down regulate auto-reactive T cell species

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9
Q

what are all the relevant cytokines and TF’s for Treg?

A

the transcription factor is Foxp3, cytokines to activate Treg cells are unknown, it produces IL-6 and IL-10

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10
Q

what role do Tfh cells play?

A

they help with B cell activation in germinal centers

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11
Q

what are the relevant cytokines and TF’s for Tfh?

A

IL-6 and IL-21; TF is bcl6; it produces IL-21

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12
Q

what is the parasite that causes toxoplasma infection?

A

T. gondii

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13
Q

where are the DC’s that produce the cytokines for Th1 cells, during a toxoplasma infection?

A

in the lamina propria of the gut

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14
Q

what kind of cytokine does the Th1 Cell produce in response to signal III

A

gamma-interferon

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15
Q

what are the functions of the Th2 cells?

A

the secretion of IL-5 and IL-13 helps B cells with isotype switching, specifically toward IgE secreting B cells

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16
Q

what are the main functions of Th17 cells?

A

protection against bacterial and fungal infections, esp. in skin and mucosal areas of the body

17
Q

what are the functions of the Treg cells?

A

prevent CD4 cells from becoming activated in response to self-peptides or self-HLA

18
Q

what are the functions of CD8 T cells? how do they perform this role?

A

they are cytotoxic killer cells, they release granzyme and perforin

19
Q

what intracellular signal triggers the release of the cytotoxic granules?

A

calcium

20
Q

when activated by T cells, what do macrophages do?

A

upregulation of surface proteins (HLA II) related to killing, and respiratory burst to produce ROS

21
Q

what complex generates ROS?

A

NADPH

22
Q

what causes chronic granulomatous disease?

A

malfunctions in the NADPH, ROS producing system

23
Q

what is the product of the TB infection called?

A

caseous granuloma

24
Q

what causes caseous granulomas?

A

Th1 and Macrophages walling off the area of infection

25
Q

what cytokine causes septic shock?

A

TNF

26
Q

what are the two functions of IFN (gamma)?

A

creation of anti-viral healthy cells and the killing of infected cells

27
Q

what are the two receptors on the influenza virus that are used for identification?

A

Hemagluttinin and Neuraminidase

28
Q

what type of virus is influenza?

A

orthomyxoviridae

29
Q

what intermediate do all viral RNA’s go through?

A

dsRNA

30
Q

how does influenza breach the epithelial barrier?

A

they enter the epithelium and cause the release of TNF and IL1 that cause vasodilation

31
Q

about how long does the T cell response to influenza take to gather enough CD8 cells to make a difference?

A

7-10 days

32
Q

what are the main regulators of the contraction of the T cell response?

A

reduction in IL-2
up-regulation of Fas
expression of inhibitory molecules
differentiation of activated T cells into memory cells

33
Q

what are the three main inhibitory molecules to the activity of T cells?

A

CTLA-4, PD-1 and Fas

34
Q

how does CTLA-4 inhibit T cell activation?

A

competes with CD28, has higher affinity for CD80/86 than CD28

35
Q

how does Fas down regulate T cells?

A

Fas-l binding to Fas causes apoptosis

Immunology 2 (7 decks)

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