3: L15

Question 1

3 types of stem cell

Answer 1

embryonic
iPSC
Adult

Question 2

are blastomeres (2-4 cells) and blastocysts pluripotent or totipotent

Answer 2

Blastomere= toti

Blastocyte= pluripotent

Question 3

why is blastocyte pluripotent not toti

Answer 3

give rise to all lineages of embryo proper but cannot contribute to extraembryonic trophectoderm

Question 4

ESC uses

Answer 4

• Study in tissue culture to understand factors controlling cell differentiation. ESC lines.
• Derived from spare embryos from in vitro fertilisation
• Study which factors control cell into different phenotypes

Question 5

Embryonic stem cells markers

Answer 5

Nanog, Sox 2, Oct 4

Question 6

describe process of Somatic cell nuclear transfer and who did the first

Answer 6

• 1962 John GurdonSomatic cell nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning)

1. Egg and somatic cell (non-germline), Egg enucleate
2. Somatic cell nucleus isolated
3. Egg and somatic nucleus combined together
4. Cell contains genetic material of donor
5. Egg turns cell into Totipotent state (maternal factors)
6. New (cloned ) organism develops

Question 7

why is clinging controversal

Answer 7

• Status/quality of ‘aged’ DNA (+ genes/environment not known)
• Role of maternal cytoplasmic factors and mtDNA

Question 8

why are autologous ESC used for transplantation

Answer 8

• Autologous cells (same person) avoid problems of immune rejection of foreign (non-self) donor cells.

Question 9

Name 3 types of adult stem cells

Answer 9

• Hematopoietic stem cells
• Intestinal stem cells
• Mesenchymal stem cells

Question 10

Name 2 adult stem cell markers for an adult stem cells

Answer 10

• Hematopoietic: CD34, Sca-1

Question 11

2 uses for adult stem cells

Answer 11

Tissue engineering ex vivo to produce spare parts

Tissue repair by cell therapy

Question 12

describe Stem cell niches

Answer 12

• Stem cell niches = environment in which they reside
• Niches - dominant part in regulating stem cell activity and behaviour
• Represents significant entry point for therapeutic modulation of stem cell behaviour
• May influence progression of degenerative and malignant diseases

Question 13

Describe example of adult stem cell: satellite cell

Answer 13

• Self-renewal, activation, and differentiation of satellite cells in adult skeletal muscle
• Satellite cells reside adjacent to plasma membrane under basal lamina
• Syncitium of myonuclei positioned at periphery
• Satellite cells activated via external stimuli and differentiate together with upregulation of MyoD

Question 14

when are • Most cells in brain are born and where from

Answer 14

during embryonic and early postnatal development
• New neurons generated throughout adult life from at least 2 areas of brain

• olfactory bulb + hippocampus

Question 15

when can • Neurogenesis in non-neurogenic regions occur

Answer 15

trauma

- arise from NSCs

Question 16

decribe differences between adult and embryonic neurogenesis

Answer 16

Embryo= Establishes cortical layers , adult= adds to

Embryo= Occurs at high levels, adult= low

Embryo= Occurs all regions of developing brain, adult= hippo + OB
Embryo= New neurons migrate to outer layer
using radial glia, adult= migrate specific positions through white matter

Embryo= Produces all types of neurons, adult= environment influences production

Question 17

Yamanaka factors

Answer 17

o SOX2, OCT4, klf-4, c-myc

Question 18

what can iPSC be used for

Answer 18

transplantation
disease modelling
drug development

Question 19

benefits of iPSC

Answer 19

reduced ethics
disease understanding
patient specifity
more federal funding

Question 20

how are iPSCs made

Answer 20

overexpression of all/some yamanaka factors- depending on what is already expressed

Question 21

of the 3 stem cells, which can produce an immune response

Answer 21

embryo

Question 22

of the 3 stem cells what is their origin + location

Answer 22

e= inner cell mass X 2

a= unknown, differentiated tissues in body

i= differentiated cells in body, unknown

Question 23

potential function of the 3 stem cells

Answer 23

e= provides source for 3 germ layers in development

a= tissue replacement and repair through life

i= patient specific pluripotent stem cells for potential regeneration medicine

Question 24

differentiation potential of the 3 stem cells

Answer 24

e= pluripotent

a= multi

i= pluripotent