3. Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

Question 1

An atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties. The functional group is the reactive part of the molecule.

Answer 1

Functional group

Question 2

Atoms other than Carbon or Hydrogen. Commonly Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Halogens

Answer 2

Heteroatoms

Question 3

covalent chemical bonds, in each of which two lobes of an orbital on one atom overlap with two lobes of an orbital on another atom, and in which this overlap occurs laterally.

Answer 3

π Bonds

Question 4

The C─C and C─H σ bond framework makes up the skeleton of an organic molecule.

Answer 4

Carbon backbone (Skeleton)

Question 5

An alipathic hydrocarbon having only C-C and C-H σ bonds.

Answer 5

Alkane

Question 6

An aliphatic hydrocarbon that contains a C-C double bond.

Answer 6

Alkene

Question 7

An aliphatic hydrocarbon that contains a C-C triple bond.

Answer 7

Alkyne

Question 8

A carbon atom that is bonded to one other carbon atom. May contain Primary Hydrogen (1° H)

Answer 8

Primary (1°) carbon

Question 9

A carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms. May contain a Secondary Hydrogen (2° H)

Answer 9

Secondary (2°) carbon

Question 10

A carbon atom that is bonded to three other carbon atoms. May contain a Tertiary Hydrogen (3° H)

Answer 10

Tertiary (3°) carbon

Question 11

A carbon atom that is bonded to four other carbon atoms.

Answer 11

Quaternary (4°) carbon

Question 12

An alcohol having the general structure RCH2OH.

Answer 12

Primary (1°) alcohol

Question 13

An alcohol having the general structure R2CHOH.

Answer 13

Secondary (2°) alcohol

Question 14

An alcohol having the general structure R3COH.

Answer 14

Tertiary (3°) alcohol

Question 15

An amine having the general structure RNH2.

Answer 15

Primary (1°) amine

Question 16

An amine having the general structure R2NH.

Answer 16

Secondary (2°) amine

Question 17

An amine having the general structure R3N.

Answer 17

Tertiary (3°) amine

Question 18

A functional group that contains a carbon–oxygen double bond (C═O). The polar carbon–oxygen bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic.

Answer 18

Carbonyl group

Question 19

An amide having the general structure RCONH2.

Answer 19

Primary (1°) amide

Question 20

An amide having the general structure RCONHR’.

Answer 20

Secondary (2°) amide

Question 21

An amide having the general structure RCONR’2.

Answer 21

Tertiary (3°) amide

Question 22

The types of interactions that exist between molecules. Functional groups determine the type and strength of these forces. Intermolecular forces are also called noncovalent interactions or nonbonded interactions.

Answer 22

Intermolecular forces

Question 23

Very weak intermolecular interactions caused by momentary changes in electron density in molecules. The changes in electron density cause temporary dipoles, which are attracted to temporary dipoles in adjacent molecules

Answer 23

Van der Waals forces

Question 24

A measure of how the electron cloud around an atom responds to changes in its electronic environment.

Answer 24

Polarizability

Question 25

An attractive intermolecular interaction between the permanent dipoles of polar molecules. The dipoles of adjacent molecules align so that the partial positive and partial negative charges are in close proximity.

Answer 25

Dipole–dipole interaction

Question 26

An attractive intermolecular interaction that occurs when a hydrogen atom bonded to an O, N, or F atom is electrostatically attracted to a lone pair of electrons on an O, N, or F atom in another molecule.

Answer 26

Hydrogen bonding

Question 27

The temperature at which molecules in the liquid phase are converted to the gas phase. Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces have higher boiling points. Boiling point is abbreviated as bp.

Answer 27

Boiling point

Question 28

The temperature at which molecules in the solid phase are converted to the liquid phase. Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces and higher symmetry have higher melting points. Melting point is abbreviated as mp.

Answer 28

Melting point

Question 29

A measure of the extent to which a compound dissolves in a liquid.

Answer 29

Solubility

Question 30

The compound that is dissolved in a liquid solvent.

Answer 30

Solute

Question 31

The liquid component into which the solute is dissolved.

Answer 31

Solvent

Question 32

The principle that compounds dissolve in solvents having similar kinds of intermolecular forces; that is, polar compounds dissolve in polar solvents and nonpolar compounds dissolve in nonpolar solvents.

Answer 32

“Like dissolves like”

Question 33

Attracted to water. The polar portion of a molecule that interacts with polar water molecules is hydrophilic.

Answer 33

Hydrophilic

Question 34

Not attracted to water. The nonpolar portion of a molecule that is not attracted to polar water molecules is hydrophobic.

Answer 34

Hydrophobic

Question 35

Organic compounds needed in small amounts by biological systems for normal cell function.

Answer 35

Vitamins

Question 36

Spherical droplets formed by soap molecules having the ionic heads on the surface and the nonpolar tails packed together in the interior. Grease and oil dissolve in the interior nonpolar region.

Answer 36

Micelles

Question 37

A hydrolyzable lipid that contains a phosphorus atom.

Answer 37

Phospholipid

Question 38

An organic molecule that can form a complex with cations so they may be transported across a cell membrane. Ionophores have a hydrophobic exterior and a hydrophilic central cavity that complexes the cation.

Answer 38

Ionophore

Question 39

A cyclic ether containing multiple oxygen atoms. Crown ethers bind specific cations depending on the size of their central cavity.

Answer 39

Crown ether

Question 40

An organic compound found in a biological system.

Answer 40

Biomolecule