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101B GCSE Biology Paper 1 > 3 Infection and Response - Immunity and Treatments > Flashcards

3 Infection and Response - Immunity and Treatments Flashcards

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1
Q

How does your skin act as a defence against pathogen entry?

A

Barrier; Antimicrobial secretions; Microorganism layer

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2
Q

How does the trachea defend the body against pathogens?

A

Secrete mucus to trap pathogens + Cilia move mucus up the trachea to be removed

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3
Q

How does the stomach defend the body against pathogens?

A

Hydrochloric acid destroys microorganisms in mucus/food

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4
Q

State the three ways in which white blood cells defend the body.

A

Engulf pathogens + Produce antibodies + Produce antitoxins

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5
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogens

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6
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins on cell surface for cell recognition

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7
Q

What makes up vaccines?

A

Dead/Inactive pathogens

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8
Q

How does vaccination make a person become immune to a disease?

A

Inactive antigens in vaccine stimulates WBC to make antibodies and memory cells, which stimulates secondary response

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9
Q

What is the function of memory cells?

A

Recognise same pathogen when it invades to produce large number of antibodies in short time

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10
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Large proportion of population is immune to a disease

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11
Q

Painkillers destroy the pathogens in our body. True or false?

A

FALSE

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12
Q

Which pathogen does antibiotics destroy?

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

Why can’t antibiotics kill viruses?

A

Viruses reproduce inside cells, antibiotics cannot enter cells without damaging the cell

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14
Q

How might an antibiotic be useless against a bacteria?

A

Antibiotic resistance

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15
Q

Which plant did the heart drug digitalis originated from?

A

Foxgloves

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16
Q

Which drug originated from willow?

A

Aspirin

17
Q

Name the microorganism that produces penicillin.

A

Penicillium

18
Q

New drugs are tested extensively for three factors. Name the three factors.

A

Toxicity, efficacy, dose

19
Q

What living materials are used in preclinical testing?

A

Cells, tissues, live animals

20
Q

What is the difference between preclinical testing and clinical trials?

A

PT: Use cells, tissues, animals; CT: Use healthy volunteers and patients

21
Q

Define ‘placebo’.

A

A medicine that does not contain the active drug being tested

22
Q

What is a double-blind trial?

A

Neither the doctors nor the patients know who gets the real drug/placebo

101B GCSE Biology Paper 1 (14 decks)

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