3. Infection and Response Flashcards
1
Q
What are pathogens?
A
Microorganisms that cause disease
2
Q
What are infectious diseases?
A
Diseases that can be passed from organism to organism through water, air, direct contact and bites
3
Q
What are the four types of pathogens?
A
Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi
4
Q
Who was Ignaz Semmelweis?
A
The man who found out that disease can be spread by not washing your hands ie. direct contact
5
Q
What type of pathogens are measles?
A
Viruses
6
Q
What are the symptoms of measles?
A
Fever and red skin rash
7
Q
Treatment / prevention for measles?
A
People get vaccinated as children
8
Q
How are measles spread?
A
Inhalation of droplets from sneezes
9
Q
What type of pathogen is HIV?
A
Virus
10
Q
What type of pathogen is tobacco mosaic virus?
A
Virus
11
Q
What type of pathogen is salmonella?
A
Bacteria
12
Q
What type of pathogen is gonorrhoea?
A
Bacteria
13
Q
What type of pathogen is rose black spot?
A
Fungi
14
Q
What type of pathogen is malaria?
A
Protist
15
Q
What are the symptoms of HIV?
A
Flu, and if not treated it can attack the immune system
16
Q
What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?
A
Mosaic pattern, discolouration that affects plant growth
17
Q
What are the symptoms of salmonella?
A
Fever, cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
18
Q
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
A
Thick yellow/green discharge from vagina or penis, pain when urinating
19
Q
What are the symptoms of rose black spot?
A
Purple/black spots develop on leaves. They turn yellow and fall off
20
Q
What are the symptoms of malaria?
A
Recurrent episodes of fever
21
Q
Treatment / Prevention for HIV?
A
Antiretroviral drugs
22
Q
Treatment / Prevention for tobacco mosaic virus?
A
No treatment
23
Q
Treatment / Prevention for salmonella?
A
Poultry vaccinate
24
Q
Treatment / Prevention for gonorrhoea?
A
Antibiotic penicillin or barrier method e.g. condom
25
Treatment / Prevention for rose black spot?
Use fungicides or remove leaves infected
26
Treatment / Prevention for malaria?
Prevent mosquitos from breeding, use nets to avoid being bitten
27
How is HIV spread?
sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids e.g. using the same needles after a blood test
28
How does tobacco mosaic virus affect plants?
Affects growth due to lack of photosynthesis
29
How is salmonella spread?
Bacteria spread in food or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions
30
How is gonorrhoea spread?
Sexual contact
31
How does rose black spot affect plants?
Affects growth as photosynthesis is reduced
32
How is rose black spot spread?
By water or wind
33
How is malaria spread?
Life cycles that includes a mosquito
34
What are the body's main barriers to disease?
* tears
* cilia and mucus
* HCl
* skin
35
How are tears a defence method?
Contain enzymes which make them mildly antiseptic
36
How is mucus a defence method?
In the respiratory system mucus gathers bacteria which is swallowed
37
How is HCl in the stomach a defence method?
It contains acid which kill bacteria
38
How is skin a defence method?
When unbroken it creates a barrier
39
What does the immune system do?
Tries to destroy any pathogen that gets into the body
40
Which cells help defend against pathogens?
White blood cells
41
What are the three types of white blood cell?
* phagocytes - ingest pathogens
* lymphocytes - produce antibodies
* ones that produce antitoxins
42
What do phagocytes do?
Engulf, ingest then digest pathogens
43
What do lymphocytes do?
Produce antibodies which destory particular bacteria or viruses
44
Why do some white blood cells produce antitoxins?
To counteract with toxins released by pathogens
45
How do bacteria cause disease?
Splitting into 2 and reproducing
Causing damage by releasing toxins
46
How do viruses cause disease?
Enter body and take over cells, destroy cells as they reproduce
Also cause tissue damage and release toxins
47
Are bacteria helpful or harmful?
Both - causes salmonella, cholera, typhoid, gonorrhoea
48
Are viruses helpful or harmful?
Harmful - caused colds, measles, rubella and AIDS
49
What is immunisation?
Giving protection against many diseases - involved giving a vaccine
50
What is a vaccine?
A dead or weakened version form of the pathogen
51
How do vaccines work?
By triggering the immune system by stimulating WBCs to produce antibodies
52
Pros of vaccination?
* help control infectious diseases
| * prevent death or complications from these diseases
53
Cons of vaccination?
* don't always work
| * some people have bad reactions
54
How are new strains of a disease formed?
When pathogens mutate (change their DNA) spontaneously
55
Why are new strains of diseases spread quickly and easily?
No one is immune and there is no effective treatment
56
What is an epidemic?
A spread of a new strain in one country
57
What is a pandemic?
A spread of a new strain across more than one countru
58
What do bacteria need to multiply by cell division?
Enough nutrients and a suitable temperature
59
How to work out bacteria at the end of a growth period?
bacteria at start x 2 (to the power of number of divisions)
60
Why do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
* if doctors prescribe them inappropriately
| * if patients don't complete their course of medication meaning that not all bacteria is killed
61
Why can't antibiotics treat new strains?
Because development is slow
62
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
Lymphocytes and tumour cells are made into hybridoma cells which can target bacteria and divide
63
What is a myeloma cell?
A tumour cell
64
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?
* pregnancy tests
* diagnosis
* measuring and monitoring
* research
* treating disease
65
How do pregnancy tests work?
Monoclonal antibodies bind to hormones made in pregnancy that are passed out in urine and turn test blue
66
How are monoclonal antibodies used in diagnosis?
They bind to antigens found on pathogens or blood clots which allow doctors to detect problems
67
How are monoclonal antibodies used in measuring and monitoring?
Hormone levels and chemicals in blood
68
How are monoclonal antibodies used in treating disease?
They can trigger the immune system to attack cancer cells or can carry toxin drugs for radiotherapy
69
Advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
* bind only to a specific antigen
* healthy cells not affected
* treat a range of conditions
70
Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?
* more side effects
* expensive to develop
* combining drugs to correct MCAs is difficult
71
Ways to recognise a diseased plant?
* stunted growth
* malformed stems or leaves
* decay
* discolouration
* growths
72
What is nitrogen used for in a plant?
Protein synthesis therefore growth
73
What is phosphorus used for in a plant?
Make roots
74
What is potassium used for in a plant?
Make flowers / fruits
75
What is magnesium used for in a plant?
Making chlorophyll
76
What are the nitrogen deficiency signs?
Stunted growth, yellow leaves
77
What are the phosphorus deficiency signs?
Poor roots, purple leaves
78
What are the potassium deficiency signs?
Yellow leaves with dead spots
79
What are the magnesium deficiency signs?
Leaves turn yellow from bottom
80
Mechanical defence responses in plants?
* thorns and hairs that deter animals
* leaves that droop when touched so the insect drops off
* mimicry to trick animals so insects won't lay eggs
81
Chemical defence responses in plants?
* antibacterial chemicals e.g. mint
| * poisons that deter herbivores
82
Physical defence responses in plants?
* cellulose cell walls
* waxy cuticle on leaves
* layers of dead cells around stems (bark)
* leaf fall
83
What are non-communicable diseases?
Diseases that are not infectious and cannot be transmitted by microbes
84
What is ARBD?
Brain damage after long term heavy drinking
85
What is ARLD?
Liver damage are long term heavy drinking
86
What are some symptoms of ARLD?
Feeling sick, weight loss, loss of appetite
87
Why can alcohol cause poverty?
It is expensive to buy and treatments for liver and brain damage are costly
88
What can smoking do to unborn babies?
Cause premature births and stillborns
89
What can alcohol do to unborn babies?
Miscarriages, premature births and damage to baby's brain or spinal cord
90
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
No exercise, smoking and a bad diet
91
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
A disease that decreases surface area of alveoli
92
What are carcinogens?
Substances that cause cancer in living tissue
93
Sources of ionising radiation?
UV light from sun, X-rays, accidents in nuclear power
