3. IM. Upper respiratory tract diseases (nose, larynx, trachea)

Question 1

Parts of upper respiratory tract

Question 2

Steps

Question 3

Functional anatomy of nose and nasal cavity

Question 4

History and clinical signs

Answer 4

• discharge, sneezing, bleeding, pain, strider, dyspnea, reverse sneezing
• nasal discharge can also be part of systemic disease (distemper, viral rhinotracheitis, bleeding disorders)
• physical examination:
  Shape, nasal strider, closing of the mouth, discharge uni/bilateral, inspection of the mouth (teeth!), depigmentation

Question 5

Special diagnostic procedures

Answer 5

• radiography (not very informative)
• rhinoscopy
• CT, MRI
• olfactory tests

Question 6

Diseases of the nasal cavity and frontal sinus

Answer 6

Congenital diseases
- malformation of the nasal plane
- oronasal, oropharyngeal clefts
- primary ciliary dyskinesia/ Kartagener’s syndrome

Rhinitis
Viral/bacterial/my optic/specific/neurogenic
Tumours
Epistaxis
Trauma

Question 7

Viral rhinitis in cat

Answer 7

• FHV-1, FCV — 80-90% (URT)
• serous ocular and nasal discharge, in 5 days mucopurulent, paroxysmal sneezing
• immunisation (MLV) severe disease but infection !
• chronic carriers
• treatment? Prevention:

….

Question 8

Viral rhinitis in dogs

Answer 8

• canine distember - life-threatening disease
• kennel cough
• CHV in puppies

….

Question 9

Bacterial rhinitis

Answer 9

• usually secondary: viral infection, foreign body, tumour, disruption of integrity
• sometimes primary: Pasteurella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bordetella, Chlamydia, Actinomyces
• treatment: antibiotic + primary disease

Question 10

My optic rhinitis

Answer 10

• DOG > cat
• Aspergillus spp > Cryptococcus
• nasal cavity AND frontal sinus
• cause os usually foreign body with spores
• clinical signs: nasal discharge, depigmentation, pain, epistaxis
• Rhinoscopy: plaques, bone resorption, atrophy of thre conchae

Question 11

Sinonasal aspergillosis. Treatment

Answer 11

Topical 1% clotrimazol gel + oral itraconazole
..
..

Question 12

Specific rhinitis

Answer 12

• polyps
• foreign bodies
• allergic rhinitis

Question 13

Specific rhinitis. Polyps

Answer 13

CAT! (Dog), uni/bilateral, nasal cavity/nasopharynx, nasal stridor, open mouth breathing, nasal discharge +/-, rhinoscopy, biopsy, CT: surgery

Question 14

Specific rhinitis. Foreign bodies

Question 15

Specific rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis.

Question 16

Horner’s syndrome

Question 17

Tumours in the nasal cavity

Answer 17

• any age, but < 5 years
• usually malignant
• radiography, rhinoscopy + biopsy (!), CT, MRI
• squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma
• often euthanasia

Question 18

Epistaxis

Answer 18

• ~nasal bleeding (recurrent/profuse)
• radiography and rhinoscopy should be delayed for 48h
• possible causes:
  …

Question 19

Pharynx

Question 20

Diseases of the pharynx

Question 21

Soft palate abnormalities

Answer 21

Elongated soft palate

…

Question 22

Larynx. Functional anatomy

Answer 22

Functions: air flow, protection of the lower airway (from aspiration), vocalisation

3 unpaired cartilages (epiglottis, cricoid, thyroid) (corniculate amd cuneiform process, vocal folds and epiglottis)
- cricoarytenoid muscles, caudal laryngeal nerves

Question 23

Larynx. History and diagnostic procedures

Answer 23

• changes in vocalisation, stridor, coughing, gagging
• sy
  …
  ..

Question 24

Diseases of larynx

Answer 24

• laryngitis/obstructive inflammatory disease
• laryngeal paralysis
• laryngeal collapse / brachycephalic airway syndrome
• neoplasia

Question 25

Laryngitis

Answer 25

- **common !

Question 26

Infectious agents causing laryngitis in dogs

Answer 26

- CAV-2 - CPIV - Bordetella br (kennel cough)

Question 27

Infectious agents causing laryngitis in cats

Answer 27

- FHV-1 - FCV vaccination ?

Question 28

Obstructive laryngitis

Question 29

Laryngeal paralysis.

Answer 29

- **Arytenoid cartilage fails to abduct during inspiration !** - **recurrent laryngeal nerve** - **older, large breed dogs , idiopathic polyneuropathy** >> (fe) - rarely congenital - acquired. can be RABIES!

Question 30

Breeds predisposed to congenital laryngeal paralysis

Question 31

Breeds predisposed to acquired laryngeal paralysis

Question 32

Laryngeal paralysis. Symptoms

Question 33

Laryngeal paralysis. Diagnostics

Question 34

Management of laryngeal paralysis

Question 35

Laryngeal collapse / brachycephalic airway syndrome

Answer 35

- secondary to **congenital airway malformations in brachycephalic dogs** (stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, hypo plastic trachea, laryngeal saccular edema and eversion) … …

Question 36

Laryngeal collapse stage 1-3

Answer 36

Question 37

Brachycephalic airway syndrome

Answer 37

Question 38

Laryngeal neoplasia

Question 39

Trachea. Anatomy and pathophysiology

Question 40

Tracheal collapse

Answer 40

- **Middle-aged to aged toy and miniature breeds** - **acquired**>congenital - **DV**>LL - **cervical,thotacic inlet**>intrathoracic - chronic, progressive, irreversible - radiography, bronchoscopy - long history of coughing, from mild, intermittent to **paroxysmal “goose-honk” cough, elicited by palpating, eating, drinking, excitement, cyanosis +/-, auscultation (insoiratory noises!), palpating (!)

Question 41

Tracheal hypoplasia

Answer 41

- **congenotal problem diagnosed in young dogs!** - **Bulldogs, Boston terriers**