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SAM 2 > 3. IM. Upper respiratory tract diseases (nose, larynx, trachea) > Flashcards

3. IM. Upper respiratory tract diseases (nose, larynx, trachea) Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of upper respiratory tract

A
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2
Q

Steps

A
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3
Q

Functional anatomy of nose and nasal cavity

A
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4
Q

History and clinical signs

A
  • discharge, sneezing, bleeding, pain, strider, dyspnea, reverse sneezing
  • nasal discharge can also be part of systemic disease (distemper, viral rhinotracheitis, bleeding disorders)
  • physical examination:
    Shape, nasal strider, closing of the mouth, discharge uni/bilateral, inspection of the mouth (teeth!), depigmentation
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5
Q

Special diagnostic procedures

A
  • radiography (not very informative)
  • rhinoscopy
  • CT, MRI
  • olfactory tests
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6
Q

Diseases of the nasal cavity and frontal sinus

A

Congenital diseases
- malformation of the nasal plane
- oronasal, oropharyngeal clefts
- primary ciliary dyskinesia/ Kartagener’s syndrome

Rhinitis
Viral/bacterial/my optic/specific/neurogenic
Tumours
Epistaxis
Trauma

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7
Q

Viral rhinitis in cat

A
  • FHV-1, FCV — 80-90% (URT)
  • serous ocular and nasal discharge, in 5 days mucopurulent, paroxysmal sneezing
  • immunisation (MLV) severe disease but infection !
  • chronic carriers
  • treatment? Prevention:

….

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8
Q

Viral rhinitis in dogs

A
  • canine distember - life-threatening disease
  • kennel cough
  • CHV in puppies

….

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9
Q

Bacterial rhinitis

A
  • usually secondary: viral infection, foreign body, tumour, disruption of integrity
  • sometimes primary: Pasteurella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bordetella, Chlamydia, Actinomyces
  • treatment: antibiotic + primary disease
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10
Q

My optic rhinitis

A
  • DOG > cat
  • Aspergillus spp > Cryptococcus
  • nasal cavity AND frontal sinus
  • cause os usually foreign body with spores
  • clinical signs: nasal discharge, depigmentation, pain, epistaxis
  • Rhinoscopy: plaques, bone resorption, atrophy of thre conchae
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11
Q

Sinonasal aspergillosis. Treatment

A

Topical 1% clotrimazol gel + oral itraconazole
..
..

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12
Q

Specific rhinitis

A
  • polyps
  • foreign bodies
  • allergic rhinitis
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13
Q

Specific rhinitis. Polyps

A

CAT! (Dog), uni/bilateral, nasal cavity/nasopharynx, nasal stridor, open mouth breathing, nasal discharge +/-, rhinoscopy, biopsy, CT: surgery

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14
Q

Specific rhinitis. Foreign bodies

A
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15
Q

Specific rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis.

A
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16
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A
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17
Q

Tumours in the nasal cavity

A
  • any age, but < 5 years
  • usually malignant
  • radiography, rhinoscopy + biopsy (!), CT, MRI
  • squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma
  • often euthanasia
18
Q

Epistaxis

A
  • ~nasal bleeding (recurrent/profuse)
  • radiography and rhinoscopy should be delayed for 48h
  • possible causes:
    …
19
Q

Pharynx

A
20
Q

Diseases of the pharynx

A
21
Q

Soft palate abnormalities

A

Elongated soft palate

…

22
Q

Larynx. Functional anatomy

A

Functions: air flow, protection of the lower airway (from aspiration), vocalisation

3 unpaired cartilages (epiglottis, cricoid, thyroid) (corniculate amd cuneiform process, vocal folds and epiglottis)
- cricoarytenoid muscles, caudal laryngeal nerves

23
Q

Larynx. History and diagnostic procedures

A
  • changes in vocalisation, stridor, coughing, gagging
  • sy
    …
    ..
24
Q

Diseases of larynx

A
  • laryngitis/obstructive inflammatory disease
  • laryngeal paralysis
  • laryngeal collapse / brachycephalic airway syndrome
  • neoplasia
25
Q

Laryngitis

A
  • **common !
26
Q

Infectious agents causing laryngitis in dogs

A
  • CAV-2
  • CPIV
  • Bordetella br

(kennel cough)

27
Q

Infectious agents causing laryngitis in cats

A
  • FHV-1
  • FCV

vaccination ?

28
Q

Obstructive laryngitis

A
29
Q

Laryngeal paralysis.

A
  • Arytenoid cartilage fails to abduct during inspiration !
  • recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • older, large breed dogs , idiopathic polyneuropathy&raquo_space; (fe)
  • rarely congenital
  • acquired. can be RABIES!
30
Q

Breeds predisposed to congenital laryngeal paralysis

A
31
Q

Breeds predisposed to acquired laryngeal paralysis

A
32
Q

Laryngeal paralysis. Symptoms

A
33
Q

Laryngeal paralysis. Diagnostics

A
34
Q

Management of laryngeal paralysis

A
35
Q

Laryngeal collapse / brachycephalic airway syndrome

A
  • secondary to congenital airway malformations in brachycephalic dogs (stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, hypo plastic trachea, laryngeal saccular edema and eversion)

…
…

36
Q

Laryngeal collapse stage 1-3

A
37
Q

Brachycephalic airway syndrome

A
38
Q

Laryngeal neoplasia

A
39
Q

Trachea. Anatomy and pathophysiology

A
40
Q

Tracheal collapse

A
  • Middle-aged to aged toy and miniature breeds
  • acquired>congenital
  • DV>LL
  • cervical,thotacic inlet>intrathoracic
  • chronic, progressive, irreversible
  • radiography, bronchoscopy
  • long history of coughing, from mild, intermittent to **paroxysmal “goose-honk” cough, elicited by palpating, eating, drinking, excitement, cyanosis +/-, auscultation (insoiratory noises!), palpating (!)
41
Q

Tracheal hypoplasia

A
  • congenotal problem diagnosed in young dogs!
  • Bulldogs, Boston terriers

SAM 2 (11 decks)

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