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203 theme 1 > 3. (Histology) Endocrine System > Flashcards

3. (Histology) Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

overall structure of endocrine glands

A

functional unit consists of cuboidal secretory cells with lumen at centre
secretory cells are supported by myoepithelial cells
(not all endocrine functional units have lumen, e.g. pituitary, parathyroid)

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2
Q

clinical manifestations of endocrine disease

A

hormone overproduction
hormone underproduction
tumour/mass/lesion
non functional (pressure effect), associated with hormone overproduction

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3
Q

cells in the anterior pituitary

A 
somatotroph
lactotroph
corticotroph
gonadortoph
thydotroph
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4
Q

what do somatotrophs produce?

A

growth hormone

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5
Q

what do lactotrophs produce?

A

prolactin

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6
Q

what do corticotrophs produce?

A

ACTH

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7
Q

what do gonadotrophs produce?

A

FSH and LH

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8
Q

what do thydrotrophs produce?

A

TSH

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9
Q

pituitary adenomas

A 
benign 
arise from anterior lobe 
can be functional or non-functional 
productive: cause hyperpituitarism 
pressure effect: causes hypopituitarism
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10
Q

what effect can pituitary adenomas have?

A 
headaches
vomiting 
nausea
diplopia 
impaired vision
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11
Q

what causes goitre?

A

lack iodine

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12
Q

normal thyroid tissue appearance

A

composed of follicles with variable sized lumina
follicles contain colloid with eosinophilic/pink appearance
follicles are lined by cuboidal cells

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13
Q

features of thyroid gland

A

very vascular
endothelial cells lining capillaries = fenestrated
para-follicular cells / clear cells (c-cells) found between follicles
c-cells secrete calcitonin

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14
Q

multi nodular goitre

A

lack of iodine leads to enlarged thyroid gland
hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cells
gland enlarges to maximise iodine absorbed
patients are euthyroid

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15
Q

Grave’s disease

A

auto-antibodies stimulate TSH receptors
diffuse enlargement of thyroid gland
goitre due to cell hyperplasia
infiltrative opthalmopathy - accumulation of soft tissue and inflammatory cells

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16
Q

Grave’s disease thyroid appearance

A

colloid has ‘soap bubble’ appearance, due to hyperactivity

17
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

most common cause of hypothyroidism in areas where iodine isn’t readily available
autoimmune: thyroid tissue destroyed
progressive depletion of cells by inflammation
replaced by fibrosis

18
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroid appearance

A

gland is irregular shaped

on histology, there is prominent lymphocytic infiltrate

19
Q

thyroid tumours

A

follicular adenoma

carcinoma (4 types)

20
Q

types of thyroid carcinoma

A

papillary
follicular
medullary
anaplastic

21
Q

papillary carcinoma

A

75-85%

increased risk of lymph node metastasis

22
Q

follicular carcinoma

A

10-20%

risk of metastasis to bone, lungs and liver

23
Q

medullary carcinoma

A

5%
arises from C cells
20% with MEN2 syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasm)

24
Q

anapaestic carcinoma

A

<5%
presents in older patients
poor prognosis

25
Q

para-follicular cells

A

c-cells secrete calcitonin - promotes reduction of calcium concentration in blood
found between follicles

26
Q

parathyroid glands

A

secrete PTH
control calcium level in blood - PTH increases calcium conc
chief cells with no lumen
highly vascularised

27
Q

parathyroid glands pathology

A

adenoma - one gland
hyperplasia - involves all 4 glands
cause hypercalcaemia

28
Q

adrenal glands

A 
paired glands 
upper poles of kidneys 
adrenal cortex from mesoderm 
adrenal medulla derived from neural crest 
cells are rich in lipids
29
Q

adrenal cortex zones

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

30
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
absorption of sodium

31
Q

what does the zona fasciculata produce?

A

glucocorticoids
cortisol & corticosterone
sex hormones

32
Q

what does the zona reticularis produce?

A

17 ketosteroids

sex hormones

33
Q

pathology of adrenal glands

A

adrenocortical hyperactivity

adrenocortical insufficiency

34
Q

adrenocortical hyperactivity

A

hyperplasia, adenoma or cancer
Cushing’s syndrome
Conn’s syndrome
androgenital syndrome

35
Q

adrenocortical insufficiency

A

Addison’s disease

36
Q

adrenal cortex adenoma

A

non functional cortical adenoma
incidental finding on abdominal imaging
functional adenomas can cause Cushing’s/Conn’s

37
Q

adrenal medulla

A

compact cells which secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline

neuroendocrine cells - stain darker than cortex cells

38
Q

phaechromocytoma

A

tumour of adrenal medulla
due to high levels of catecholamines
0.1-0.3 % cause of treatable hypertension

203 theme 1 (16 decks)

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