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COMPUTER SCIENCE IGCSE > 3. hardware > Flashcards

3. hardware Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the CPU do

A

the CPU proceses instructions and data that are input into the computer so that the result can be output

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2
Q

what is the microprosesser

A

the microporocessor is a type of intergrated circuit on a single chip

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3
Q

what are the units of the cpu

A
  • arithematic logic unit- responsible for carying out mathamatical calculation
  • control unit- manages the other components
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4
Q

what are the registers of the cpu

A

-PC:
- MAR:
- cir
- MDR
- ACC

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5
Q

pc

A

-PC: holds the address (memory location) of the next instruction to be fetched.

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6
Q

MAR

A

s also used when reading and writing data to and from RAM. The MDR will contain the data to be written to RAM, or the data that has just been read from RAM.

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7
Q

CIR

A

holds the instruction which is currently being decoded or executed.

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8
Q

ACC

A

is used to hold the data being worked on by the ALU

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9
Q

what is the control bus

A

The control bus carries control signals from the Control Unit to other components of the CPU. and read and write signals

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10
Q

what is the adress bus

A

the adress bus carries adresses from the memory adress register to the RAM, to indicade wgich adress will be selected. only 1 direction

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11
Q

what is the data bus

A

a data bus carries data from the memory data register to the RAM during a write operation, the data bus carried data from the RAM to the memory data register during a read operation. bidirectional

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12
Q

explain the fetch decode execute cycle

A

-the pc contains the adress of the next instruction
- the contents of the PC are copies to the MAR
- the pc is incrimented by 1 so it still points to the next instruction
- the adress bus carries the value in the MAR to the RAM
- the control bus sends a ‘read’signal to RAM
- the data bus carries the contents of the desired RAM adress froom the RAM to the MDR
- the contents of MDR is sopies to the CIR
- the control unit decodes data
- ALU executes

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13
Q

what is the clock speed of the cpu

A
  • usually measured in GHz
    -determains the number of cycles a CPU can perform each second
    more speed can generate more energy and heat
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14
Q

what are the cores of the cpu

A

a processer within the cpu. only 1 core can occur at a time.

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15
Q

what is the cache of the CPU

A

the cache is extremely fast memory that is located within the CPU. it is used to store temporary copies of the data in most commonly accessed RAM locations.

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16
Q

purpose of instructions set for a CPU

A
  • An instruction set is a list of all the commands
    that can be processed by a CPU and the
    commands are machine code
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17
Q

the purpose and characteristics of an
embedded system and identify devices in which
they are commonly used

A

An embedded system is used to perform a
dedicated function, e.g. domestic appliances,
cars, security systems, lighting systems or
vending machines. This is different to a general
purpose computer that is used to perform many
different functions, e.g. a personal computer (PC)
or a laptop

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18
Q

barcode scanner

A

shine a light at barcode and measure the reflected light to read the data- quick, accurate, efficient

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19
Q

digital camera

A

uses a image sensore to measure light and take phototgraph, which is stored digitally on a device.

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20
Q

keyboard

A

allows users to type text and numeric data- reduced number of mistakes, limited operations

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21
Q

microphone

A

allows sound to be input. the sound can be playback at any time

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22
Q

mouse

A

control curser on screen

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23
Q

QR code scanner

A

represents small text characters using black and white pattern. store URLs. quick, requires internet, nfinate patterns

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24
Q

touch screen

A

input data using finger- user friendly, select from a small range of options.
resistive- uses very thin metal sheets over screen, pressure of contact complete ciruit
capacitive- transparent layer sensitive to static electrical charge in the human body
infrared- grid of infra red light over the screen. this grid is ivisable to users. light beams are broken info is detected.

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25
Q

2D scanners

A

documents are laid flat on the device and light is used to scan the document into a digital image. OCR software scan texts.

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26
Q

3D scanners

A

canning an object using lasers to measure the dimensions (height, width, depth) of an object. The laser detects details about the shape of the object and converts this into digital data

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27
Q

what is a actuator

A

An actuator takes a digital signal and outputs it as a physical movement.
eg: automatic door system.

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28
Q

what is a 3d printer

A

building up thin layers of material, layer by layer, until the object is complete. Objects are usually created from plastic filaments (such as ABS or PLA plastic) or from resin.

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29
Q

how does speaker work

A

speaker produces output in the form of sound, by converting electrical signals into vibrations.

30
Q

how does LCD moniter work

A

work by sandwiching crystals between two sheets of glass. A white back light illuminates the screen from behind. When the crystals are solid, light cannot pass through. When an electrical current is applied to the crystals in individual pixels, light is passed through and an image forms.
worse quality, cheaper, use more energy

31
Q

how does LED moniter work

A

Instead of using a fluorescent backlight, LED displays use light emitting diodes to generate the light. This often results in better contrast.
better quality uses less electricity but is more expensive

32
Q

how do LCD projecters work

A

create an image by projecting light in three colours: red, green and blue. These colours are combined to form a final image on the projector screen.
bigger and better quality

33
Q

how do DLP projectors work

A

use thousands of tiny mirrors to reflect a digital image from a computer onto a screen.
smaller and less quality

34
Q

how do inkjet printers work

A

se ink cartridges to spray tiny droplets of ink at a piece of paper to form an image. use psysoelectric technology and thermal bubbles. when buiffer is empty stop printing. Inkjet printers are comparatively cheap and, although they can be slow, they can produce high-quality images with excellent colour blending.

35
Q

how do laser printers work

A

use a laser to apply a static charge to areas on the paper. Toner (a powdered ink) is then attracted to the static charge and sticks to the paper in these areas, forming an image. higher quality but is more expensive.

36
Q

acoustic sensor

A

detects sound
eg: burgler alarm, unhearable sound

37
Q

accelerometer sensor

A

measures acceleration force
eg: smartphones, cars

38
Q

flow sensor

A

measures flow speed of liquid
eg: detect leaks

39
Q

gas sensor

A

detect precense of gases
eg: toxic gas in manufacturing plant, oxygen levels

40
Q

humidity sensor

A

detects water vapour in air
eg: greenhouse

41
Q

infra-red sensor

A

detecs anfra red light
eg: automatic door, alarm systems

42
Q

level sensor

A

ses a gyroscope to measure angular movement. This enables the sensor to detect if it is being tilted or rotated. A common application for these sensors is in smart phones, which can be controlled by tilting or waving the device.

43
Q

light sensor

A

eg: switching lights

44
Q

magnetic field sensor

A

A magnetic field sensor measures the strength of a magnetic field. They are sometimes used in geophysical surveys.

45
Q

moisture sensor

A

A moisture sensors measures the presence of water.

46
Q

ph sensor

A

A pH sensor detects how acidic or alkaline a substance is. pH sensors might be used in swimming pools or aquariums to check the pH of the water, or in a chemical factory to help ensure the pH level is correct.

47
Q

pressure sensor

A

A sensor which measures the pressure of a liquid or gas, such as in a pipe.

A sensor which means the weight pushing down on it, such as a floor plate which can detect the pressure of a person standing on it.

48
Q

proximity sensor

A

closeness of ojects
eg car parking, robots

49
Q

temperature sensors

A

measure heat
eg: microwaves, central heating, engine systems

50
Q

what is primary storage

A

storage that is directly accessed by the CPU. there is the RAM and the ROM

51
Q

what is the RAM

A
  • temporary storage for data that is being currently used
  • is is extremely fast and volatile
52
Q

what is the ROM

A
  • the rom is read only memore that cannot be altered or deleted.
  • it is permenant and non- volatile
  • they tell the computer how to communicate with other devices
53
Q

what is secondary storage?

A

storage is not directly accessed by
the CPU and is necessary for more permanent
storage of data

54
Q

what are the three types of secondary storage

A

manetic, optical and solid state

55
Q

what is magnetic storage

A

Magnetic storage uses platters which are divided
into tracks and sectors. Data is read and written
using electromagnets and spinning.
cheap, relativly fast, hold a lot of data.
eg:HDD

56
Q

what is optical storage

A

uses lasers to create and read pits and lands, which are 1s and 0s. they are read using light in the spinning disk.
eg: DVD, CD
it has low storage capacity, good for long term, transportable, can break easily

57
Q

What is solid state storage?

A

Solid-state (flash memory) uses NAND or NOR
technology. Transistors are used as control gates
and floating gates
has no moving parts, quiet, durable, requires less power, portable, high cabacity, small
eg:SD memory card, usb

58
Q

what is virtual memory

A

virtual memory is a secondary storage where chunks of data calles pages are moved from the RAM when in need for more space. calles paging out.
it is very slow

59
Q

what is cloud storage?

A

Cloud storage can be accessed remotely in
comparison to storing data locally. physical servers and storage are needed to store
data in cloud storage

60
Q

what are the advantages of local storage?

A
  • fast
  • more cost effective in the long run
  • data is fully under users control
  • data is accecible with no internet
61
Q

disadvantages of local storage

A
  • can only be accesed on local computer,
  • risk of hardware failue
  • use is responsible for backups and copies
62
Q

advantages of cloud storage

A
  • users can log in from anywhere
  • additional storage can be addes very quickly
  • ability to colaborate
63
Q

disadvantages of cloud storage

A
  • needs internet
  • slower than local
  • monthly costs
  • privacy is at risk since anyone can access it
  • enviormental concerns with use of energy
64
Q

what is the use of a netwrok interface card?

A

NIC is a hardware which is needed to connect a computer to a network. NIC cab use a cable or wirless router to connect to net.

65
Q

what is a MAC adress

A

a unique adress of a NIC which are unique to every network card created- it cannot be altered. a mac adress is 48 bits long

66
Q

how is a mac adress written and how is it created?

A

in hexadecimal, created using the manufacturer code and the serial code

67
Q

what is a IP adress

A

s a unique address assigned to each computer on a network.

68
Q

what do IP adresses do

A

IP addresses are essential for identifying and managing computers on the network.

69
Q

what are the 2 types of IP adress

A
  • A computer may be assigned a static IP address, meaning it is given the same address every time it joins the network
  • or it may have a dynamic IP address, meaning it is assigned any available address when it joins the network
70
Q

what are routers

A

A router sends data to a specific destination on a
network
* A router can assign IP addresses
* A router can connect a local network to the
internet

COMPUTER SCIENCE IGCSE (4 decks)

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