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Cancer > 3. Epidemiology of cancer > Flashcards

3. Epidemiology of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is incidence and and does this include benign tumours when referring to cancer?

A
  • Number of new cases diagnosed, irrespective of death

* Therefore, this includes benign tumours

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2
Q

What are the main cancers to affect men and women?

A
  • Men - prostate and lung cancer

* Women - breast cancer

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3
Q

What are the 4 biggest killer cancers?

A
  • Breast
  • Lung
  • Colorectal
  • Prostate
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4
Q

How does the incidence of melanoma compare in Australia and China?

A

Australia:China
200:1

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5
Q

How does the incidence of prostate cancer compare in North America and China?

A

NA:China
75:1

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6
Q

How can you detect prostate cancer?

A

PSA levels (measured in a large proportion of men over the age of 55 in high-income countries)

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7
Q

Does early detection of prostate cancer protect people from mortality

A

Not sure

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8
Q

What causes prostate cancer?

A

Not sure - may be a genetic component

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9
Q

What are 85-90% of lung cancers due to?

A

Tobacco smoke

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10
Q

Is it better to use incidence or mortality to measure cancer trends in different countries?

A
  • Incidence
  • As mortality rates also reflect access to healthcare and effectiveness of therapies
  • There is also a big gap between incidence and mortality in non-lethal cancers
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11
Q

Why is it useful to follow migrants when studying cancer?

A
  • Slow change in risk suggests that exposures early in life are the most relevant
  • Rapid change in risk implies that lifestyle/environment factors act late in carcinogenesis
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12
Q

How did stomach and colon cancer change in Japanese people migrating to the USA?

A
  • Japanese that remained in Japan had a very high incidence of stomach cancer
  • Incidence of stomach cancer in white Americans is very low
  • Japanese that migrated developed a much lower incidence rate
  • This was already seen in the first generation
  • The opposite occurred with colon cancer
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13
Q

What is likely to cause stomach and colon cancer?

A

Environmental factors
• Diet likely to be involved
• Infections also likely to have an effect e.g. H. pylori

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14
Q

What proportion of cancers are inheritable (to pre-disposition)?

A

5-10%

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15
Q

How are incidence and mortality rates of cancer changing in high-income countries?

A
  • Incidence plateauing

* Mortality decreasing

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16
Q

How is total burden changing?

A

Increasing due to demographic changes (ageing populations, increasing size) and Westernisation of lifestyles

17
Q

How does the prognosis of breast cancer differ in African-American women compared to White women?

A

Worse prognosis in all stages

18
Q

What are the different estimations of the causes of cancer?

A
  • Smoking (30%)
  • Diet (20-50%)
  • Alcohol (6%)
  • Infection (10-20%)
  • Occupation and reproductive hormones
19
Q

What proportion of cancers are attributable to known risk factors?

A

40%

20
Q

How many cancers is smoking associated with the increased risk of having?

A

At least 15 types

21
Q

How can we decrease the colon cancer risk with our diet

A

Increase fibre intake

22
Q

Which cancers does alcohol increase the risk of having?

A
  • Oral
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Liver
23
Q

How does anthropometry play a part in the risk of cancer?

A

Increased BMI and obesity associated with:
• breast cancer (particularly post-menopausal)
• prostate cancer
• endometrial cancer

24
Q

What are the World Cancer Research Fund guidelines for dietary prevention?

A
  • Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight
  • Be physically active for at least 30 minutes every day
  • Avoid sugary drinks and limit consumption of energy-dense foods
  • Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, wholegrains, and pulses such as beans
  • Limit consumption of red meats and avoid processed meats
  • If consumed at all, limit alcoholic drinks to 2 for men and 1 for women a day
  • Limit consumption of salty foods and foods processed with salt (sodium)
  • Don’t use supplements to protect against cancer
25
Q

What is a ‘Western lifestyle’?

A
  • Energy dense diet, rich in fat, refined carbohydrates and animal protein
  • Low physical activity
  • Smoking and drinking
26
Q

What are the consequences of a Western lifestyle?

A
  • Greater adult height
  • Early menarche (first occurrence of menstruation)
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
  • CVD
  • Hypertension
27
Q

What proportion of cancers are likely to be caused by infectious agents in Africa and Europe?

A
  • 25% in Africa

* <10% in Europe

Cancer (15 decks)

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