3. Diagnosis of infectious diseases, treatment of animals having infectious diseases. Flashcards

1
Q

How do we diagnose infectious diseases

A
It is complex!
Epidemiological data: vet
CS, allergic reactions
PM lesions
Preliminary diagnosis - Ddx
--> if suspicion for notifiable disease/xoonosis - test for it right away
Lab exam:
1. Sampling: appropriate number, how to sample correctly and covering letter
2. Clinical observations and necropsy
3. Histological examination
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2
Q

How can we directly detect the agent itself?

A

Microscopy: organs, fluids, smear
Isolation: medium, cell culture, CAM, lab animal - good for bacteria
Detection of antigens: IF, ELISA, western/immunoblot, electrophoresis
Methods detecting nucleic acids: DNA hybridization, PCR, can detect some genes for virulence factors

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3
Q

What are indirect detection methods?

A

Detecting antibodies or immune cellular reactions

Classical: agglutination, precipitation, electropphoresis, PAGE, complement fixation

Virus serology: VNT, HAI (infl, parainfl)

Marked immunological methods: IF, ELISA

+ CELLULAR TESTS - not widely used

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4
Q

Cellular tests

A

LST - lymphocyte stimulation test (paratuberculosis)
Allergic test - tuberculin
Gamma interferon test (mycobacteria)

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5
Q

Sensitivity of diagnostic test

A

Can detect large number of positive cases

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6
Q

Specificity of diagnostic test

A

No cross reactions, when it is positive, it should not be false

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7
Q

Sensitivity and specificity is influenced by

A
  • amount & antigenicity of the agent, phase of the pathogenesis
  • Indirect: needs time for the immune reaction, so can’t be used in acute
    phase of pathogenesis, but can be used even after clinical signs disappear
  • More diagnostic methods have to be used AND they have to evaluated together with the pathogenesis/Clinical
    signs/PM lesions
  • complex final evaluation
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8
Q

Etiological treatment

A

Bacteria (own metabolism): AB treatment (appropriate medicine –prudent use!)

Hyper-immune serum: animals vaccinated many times producing high level of antibodies then the blood is taken and the serum from them is used to treat other animals with their serum – not widely used

Viruses: antiviral medicines (limited use, very expensive, have to be used in the appropriate phase of the pathogenesis)

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9
Q

Symptomatic treatment

A

Support the healing/immune system of the animals - animal welfare + eliminate predisposing factors

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10
Q

Treatment of which diseases are not allowed

A

NOTIFIABLE det burde du vite

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11
Q

Prevention of complications

A

Mainly viral diseases - can give antibiotics e.g. IBR to avoid secondary complications

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12
Q

Name two chronic diseases that cannot be treated or treatment is not reasonable (easier to slaugther than to treat)

A

Swine/Fowl typhoid - salmonella

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