3. Culture

Question 1

culture

Answer 1

the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life

Question 2

nonmaterial culture

Answer 2

the ideas created by members of a society

Question 3

material culture

Answer 3

the physical things created by members of a society

Question 4

culture shock

Answer 4

personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

Question 5

symbol

Answer 5

anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture

Question 6

language

Answer 6

a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another

Question 7

cultural transmission

Answer 7

the process by which one generation passes culture to the next

Question 8

Sapir-Whorf thesis

Answer 8

the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language

Question 9

values

Answer 9

culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living

Question 10

beliefs

Answer 10

specific ideas that people hold to be true

Question 11

norms

Answer 11

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

Question 12

mores

Answer 12

norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance

Question 13

folkways

Answer 13

norms for routine or casual interaction

Question 14

social control

Answer 14

attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior

Question 15

technology

Answer 15

knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

Question 16

high culture

Answer 16

cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

Question 17

popular culture

Answer 17

cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population

Question 18

subculture

Answer 18

cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society’s population

Question 19

counterculture

Answer 19

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

Question 20

multiculturalism

Answer 20

a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

Question 21

Eurocentrism

Answer 21

the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns

Question 22

afrocentrism

Answer 22

emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns

Question 23

cultural integration

Answer 23

the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system

Question 24

cultural lag

Answer 24

the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system

Question 25

ethnocentrism

Answer 25

the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

Question 26

cultural relativism

Answer 26

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Question 27

cultural universals

Answer 27

traits that are part of every known culture

Question 28

gender

Answer 28

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

Question 29

sociobiology

Answer 29

a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture