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History - The Cold War - Part 3 > 3 - Conflict In Asia (1955-63) > Flashcards

3 - Conflict In Asia (1955-63) Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Indochina War?

A

C.1945-1955

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2
Q

Who was the Indochina War between?

A
  • French colonialists (in South)

- Vietminh nationalists (in North)

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3
Q

What was the cause of the Indochina War?

A
  • French were controlling Indochina before WWII
  • Japan tried to take control during WWII
  • Potsdam Agreement (1945): expell Japanese, split into British Zone in South + Chinese Zone in North
  • The British allowed the French to re-access the South
  • The Chinese allowed the Vietminh to re-access the North
  • Violence broke out in Sept 1945
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4
Q

What is ‘Indochina’?

A
  • Cambodia
  • Laos
  • Vietnam (Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchine
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5
Q

What was the involvement of the Soviet Union in the Indochina War?

A

Gave recognition + aid to Ho Chi Minh against the French

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6
Q

What was the involvement of the US in the Indochina War?

A
  • Start: supported Ho Chi Minh against French colonialism
  • End: shifted support to French when Ho Chi Minh became an outward communist threat (payed $500 mill/yr - 3/4 French war effort)
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7
Q

Why did the Vietminh take a lead in the Indochina War?

A
  • Knew terrain (could hide in sage havens, then ambush)
  • Chinese advice + modern weapons (over 270,000 guns) (Chinese had captured from Chiang Kai-Shek’s nationalists who were supplied by US)
  • Stronger determination
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8
Q

What was the event that ended the Indochina War?

A

French defeat at Dien Bien Phu

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9
Q

What happened at Dien Bien Phu?

A
  • Dec 1953-March 1954: French (under General Navarre) built up strongpoints in the area
  • Vietminh (under Giap) surrounded the build up in a 56 day siege
  • 13th March 1954: Vietminh start firing at French
  • 7th May 1954: French defeated (outnumbered 5:1 as they miscalculated opponents’ abilities)
  • Official French casualties = 20,000
  • Official Vietminh casualties = just under 14,000
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10
Q

What was triggered by the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu?

A
  • End of the Indochina War

- Geneva Conference (summer 1954)

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11
Q

What was signed at the Geneva conference (summer 1954)?

A

Geneva Peace Accords
- Laos + Cambodia independent
- Vietnam split at the 17th parallel
(Vietminh in N - under Ho Chi Minh - supported by Soviets + China)
(French in S - under Ngo Dinh Diem - supported by US)
- Vietnam would be reunified in 1956 elections (2 yrs time)

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12
Q

Who opposed the Geneva Accords (summer 1954)?

A

USA + new President Diem (of S.Vietnam)

  • Refused to sign but promised not to undermine
  • Saw it placing Vietnam in too big a communist threat (if the communists won the reunification elections - would trigger domino effect in Asia)
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13
Q

Did the US undermine the Geneva Accords? How?

A

Yes

- Prevented the 1956 reunification elections for fear of a communist win

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14
Q

As a result of the 1954 Geneva Accords + then lack of 1956 reunification elections, what state was fixed in N.Vietnam?

A

Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV)

  • Under Ho Chi Minh (Vietnamese)
  • Attempt to consolidate Ho’s regime + turn Vietnam into a unified communist state
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15
Q

As a result of the 1954 Geneva Accords + then lack of 1956 reunification elections, what state was fixed in S.Vietnam?

A

Republic of Vietnam (RVN)

  • Under Ngo Dinh Diem (French)
  • Led a brutal, authoritarian, anti-communist state
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16
Q

What strategies did Ho Chi Minh complete to consolidate his communist control in N. Vietnam from 1956?

A

Strategy 1: create strong Vietnam through land reforms

Strategy 2: unite Vietnam under communism

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17
Q

How successful was Ho Chi Minh’s Strategy 1: create strong Vietnam through land reforms (to consolidate power after 1956)?

A
  • Fairly successful, the start of collectivisation increased agricultural production
  • Many landowners disliked the aggressive implementation of reforms, 1 mill fled South
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18
Q

What did Ho Chi Minh do to achieve his second aim - uniting Vietnam under communist rule?

A

Vietnam Worker’s Party (VWP) (communist party of Vietnam) implemented military force against the S by forming the NLF

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19
Q

What was the National Liberation Front (NLF)?

A
  • Also known as ‘Viet Cong’
  • Northern guerrilla force
  • Supported communism, nationalism + reunification
  • Worked towards overthrowing Diem in S to achieve these goals
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20
Q

How many members of the NLF were there?

A

300,000 by 1962 (+ a big passive following)

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21
Q

Who was the leader of the NLF?

A
  • Figurehead: Nguyen Huu Tho

- In reality: Ho Chi Minh

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22
Q

Who created the nickname ‘Viet Cong’?

A

Diem (‘Vietnamese Communists’ - branded NLF as a revolutionary army)

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23
Q

What was the relationship between the NLF + US?

A

US: Disliked NLF - seen as a communist tool to seize S
NLF: Disliked US - seen as colonialists replacing the French + not letting Vietnam be independent and make its own choices

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24
Q

When was the NLF formed?

A

Dec 1960

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25
Q

What was the Viet Minh?

A

Communist-dominated nationalist movement

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26
Q

Who was the leader of the Viet Minh?

A

Ho Chi Minh

27
Q

When was the Viet Minh formed?

A

1941

28
Q

What was much of the Viet Minh absorbed into?

A

Vietnam Worker’s Party (VWP) - the official communist party

29
Q

What was the PAVN?

A

People’s Army of Vietnam

Communist-dominated northern military force

30
Q

How was the NLF different to the PAVN?

A

NLF - guerrilla

PAVN - regular military

31
Q

What was the ARVN?

A

Army of the Republic of Vietnam

S.Vietnam’s military force

32
Q

When did Diem become leader of S.Vietnam?

A

Summer 1954 (when Geneva Accords signed)

33
Q

After 1956, which regime (N or S) was progressing more successfully?

A

North

34
Q

Why did the US support Diem even when his regime was failing?

A

Dulles said they ‘knew of no one better’

35
Q

What were some negative features of Diem’s regime in the S after 1954?

A
  • Nepotism: e.g. brother as PM
  • Oppressive, silencing opponents despite ‘democracy’
  • Corrupt: e.g. took US aid for himself
  • Supported the rich not the public: e.g. didn’t redistribute land like Ho
  • Supported Catholic minority > Buddhist majority
  • Rigged initial election (only had 450,000 of ‘600,000’ votes)
36
Q

What was Eisenhower’s policy towards Indochina?

A
  • Supported Diem after Geneva Accords (1954)

- New Look Policy (strong response against to contain communism - through aid to Diem)

37
Q

What was Kennedy’s policy towards Indochina?

A

Continued to provide aid to support Diem

  • Believed in domino theory + containment (prevent fall of S.Vietnam - spread to Asia)
  • Flexible response (expanding conventional capacities to meet each challenge appropriately - sent advisors to do counterinsurgency training)

BUT - Had to

38
Q

Give some examples of aid given by Kennedy to S.Vietnam

A
  • Money ($42 mill for expansion of ARVN)
  • ‘Military advisors’ (to train men in counterinsurgency)
  • Taylor Roscow Mission
39
Q

What was the Taylor Roscow Mission (1961)?

A
  • 8000 US men
  • Sent to ‘assist flood damage in Mekong Delta’
  • Way of keeping some US men in Vietnam in case support needed against communists
40
Q

When and what was the White Paper?

A
  • Dec 1961

- Kennedy’s justification + conditions of aid given to the S/Diem

41
Q

How did Kennedy publicly justify giving aid to Diem?

A

Said the North breached the Geneva Accords

42
Q

When was the Strategic Hamlet Programme?

A

1962

43
Q

What was the Strategic Hamlet Programme?

A

Building special villages for rural peasants in S.Vietnam - surrounded by bamboo fence + barbed wire - stationing PAVN nearby

44
Q

What was the purpose of the Strategic Hamlet Programme?

A

To isolate rural peasants of S.Vietnam, so they couldn’t be influenced by the VietMinh

45
Q

Who completed the Strategic Hamlet Programme?

A

Diem (supported by US)

46
Q

Did the Strategic Hamlet Programme work? Why?

A

No - it collapsed

  • Forced relocation was often disliked
  • NLF often targeted corrupt officials, which were still exposed
47
Q

How many Strategic Hamlets were built?

A

Over 3000 (housing over 1/3 of the S.Vietnamese population)

48
Q

When was the Buddhist Crisis?

A

1963

49
Q

Summarise how Diem treated Catholics

A

GOOD

  • Welcomed northern Catholic exiles
  • Gave many employment
  • Made his brother Archbishop of Hue
50
Q

What religion was Diem?

A

Catholic

51
Q

What was the majority religion in 1960s Vietnam?

A

Buddhist

52
Q

Summarise how Diem treated Buddhists

A

BAD

  • Persecuted them (but denied this)
  • Peaked in May 1963 (‘Buddhist Crisis’)
53
Q

When was the Buddhist Crisis?

A

8th May 1963

54
Q

What caused the Buddhist Crisis

A
  • Diem banned flying flags to honour Buddha’s birthday

- Diem banned speech of Buddhist leader Tri Quang

55
Q

What was the Buddhist reaction to Diem’s persecution in the Buddhist Crisis?

A
  • Gathered in Hue to protest
  • Gov fired into crowd killing 9
  • Protests continued over following weeks (e.g. hunger strikes, mass rallies, anti-gov propaganda, self-immolation)
56
Q

Who was the first Buddhist monk to self-immolate in protest of Buddhist persecution?

A

Quang Doc

57
Q

What did Kennedy think about Diem after the Buddhist Crisis?

A

Growing unsure on him - becoming unpopular + oppressive

58
Q

Who did Kennedy send to speak to Diem after the Buddhist Crisis? What did they say

A
  • McNamara + General Taylor

- Said Diem was unwilling to change his ways + stop the oppression

59
Q

What conclusion did Kennedy make about Diem in autumn 1963?

A

Diem couldn’t be in office if the war was to be won - too harsh + unpopular
Considered stopping all support/aid

60
Q

Why did S.Vietnamese rebel generals launch a coup against Diem?

A
  • Public disliked Diem

- US now disliked Diem + were risking removing support to S.Vietnamese (generals needed this!)

61
Q

What were the results of the coup against Diem?

A

2nd Nov 1963 - Diem + Nhu (brother - PM) brutally murdered

62
Q

Were the US involved in the coup against Diem?

A

Indirectly - Yes (generals motivated by threat of lost aid)

Directly - Debated, but US claimed they weren’t behind it

63
Q

Did the assassination of Diem make the US more or less involved in Vietnam?

A

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History - The Cold War - Part 3 (1 decks)

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