#3 COGNITIVE THEORY Flashcards
focuses on children from birth through adolescence and these are characterized by the different stages in development which includes morals, memory, reasoning and language
✓Cognitive Development Theory
This stage focuses on the prominence of the senses and movement of the muscles which the infant can learn about himself and the world.
Sensorimotor
Intelligence at this stage is both intuitive and egocentric. The child can make mental representations and closer to the use of symbols. Language, memory and imagination are being developed
Preoperational
The child has the ability to think logically but only with the help of concrete objects
Concrete Operational
The child can solve abstract problems and can make hypotheses. His thinking becomes more logical
Formal Operational
This is the ability of the child to know that an object still exists even when out of sight. This ability is attained in the sensory motor stage
Object permanence
This refers to the tendency of the child to only focus on one aspect of a thing or event and exclude other aspects. (Ex. Two identical glasses with the same amount of water
Centration
This is the tendency of the child to only see his point of view and assume that everyone also has his same point of view. The child cannot take the perspective of others
Egocentrism
This is the ability to represent objects and events A symbol is a thing that represents something else. A drawing, a written word, or a spoken word to comes to be.
Symbolic Function
. Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking. They can understand that 2+3 is 5, but cannot understand that
Irreversibility
. This refers to the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations. No longer is the child focused or limited to one aspect or dimension. This allows the child to be more logical when dealing with concrete objects and situations.
Decentering
This refers to the pre-operational child’s type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive, Reasoning appears to be from particular to particular i.e., if A causes B, then B causes A.
Transductive reasoning
This is the tendency of children to attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects
Animism
This is the ability to know the certain properties of objects like number, mass, volume, or area do not change even if there is a change in appearance
Conservation
During the stage of concrete operations, the child can now follow that certain operations can be done in reverse
Reversibility
This is the ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weigh data in order to make a final decision or judgement. This can be done in the absence of concrete objects. The individuals can now deal with “what it” questions.
Hypothetical Reasoning
. This is the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular instance or situation.
Deductive Reasoning
This is the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use their relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem. The individual in the formal operations stage can make an analogy
Analogical Reasoning
is using an existing schema and applying it to a new situation or object. It is a process where individuals fit new experiences into the previous created structure
Assimilation
refers to the cognitive structures where individuals establish ways to understand or make meaning about something. Also, it is a means of adapting to and organizing their environment intellectually
Schema
Is the driving force that moves all development forward. It is how people understand how the world works and find order and structure
Equilibration
is changing approaches when an existing schema doesn’t work in a particular situation. It is a process of creating new schema which is somehow different from the previous ones
Accommodation
