3. Chapter 13- Development Over the Lifespan Flashcards
What is socialization?
What are developmental psychologists?
Socialization is the process by which children learn the behaviours, attitudes and expectations required of them by their society or culture
Developmental psychologists study physiological and cognitive change he’s across the lifespan and how these are affected by a person’s genetic predispositions, culture, circumstances and experiences
How is make and female determined?
During fourth to eighth weeks, the hormone testosterone is secreted by the rudimentary testes in embryos that are genetically male, without this hormone, the embryo will develop to be anatomically female
What are the 6 harmful influences that can criss the placental barrier and affect the fetus?
- German measles- affects fetus’ eyes, ears and heart
- x rays or other radiation, pollutants, and toxic substances- cause fetal deformities and cognitive abnormalities
- Sexually transmitted diseases- cause mental retardation, blindness, and more
- Cigarette Smoking- increases miscarriage, premature birth, abnormal heart beat, and underweight
- Maternal stress- increase risk of later cognitive emotional problems and vulnerability to adult diseases
- Drugs- can kill neurons which lead to impaired mental abilities, attention span, etc
What is reactive attachment disorder?
What is contact comfort?
Failure to form normal attachment with primary caregivers
Contact comfort is the innate pleasure derived from close physical constant; it is the basis of the infants first attachment
Pleasure of being touched and held
What is separation anxiety?
What is securely attached and insecurely attached?
The distress that most children develop at about 6-8 months of age when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers
Securely attached- cry or protest of the parent left the room; welcome her back and play happily again
Insecurely attached- either avoidant (not caring if mother leaves the room, makes little effort to seek contact with mother) or anxious/ambivalent (resisting contact with the mother at reunion but protesting loudly if she leaves)
What four factors promote insecure attachment?
- Abandonment and deprivation in the first year or two of life
- Parenting that is abusive, neglectful, or erratic because the parent is chronically irresponsible or clinically depressed
- The child’s own genetically influence temperament- babies that are fearful or more prone to crying are more likely to show insecure attachment
- Stressful circumstances in the child’s family
What is a language?
A system that combines meaningless elements such as sounds or gestures to form structured utterances that convey meaning
How do infants pick up on language growing up?
The human brain contains an innate mental module (universal grammar) that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation
Reduce complex sentences to their own two words ( Go store! Go play! Home time! Etc)
What is parentese?
Adults taking advantage of infants responsiveness to pitch, intensity, and sound of language by speaking baby talk in higher pitches and emphasis on vowels
What is telographic speech?
A child’s first word combinations, which omit unnecessary words
Drop unnecessary articles (a, an, or the)
Drop auxiliary verbs (is or are)
What is object performance?
Object Performance- The understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it
Conversation- the understanding that the physical properties of objects, such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass, can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes
What is the sensorimotor stage?
What is the preoperational stage?
What is the concrete operations stage?
Sensorimotor stage- birth to age 2 where infant learns through concrete actions (looking, touching, putting things in the mouth, sucking, grasping)
Preoperational stage- ages 2-7 use of symbols and language accelerates, still lack cognitive abilities necessary for understanding abstract principles and mental operations
Concrete operations stage- ages 7-12 increasingly able to take other people’s perspective and they make fewer logical errors
Mental abilities tied to info that is concrete
What are the 4 reasons psychologists say Piaget’s ideas have been overturned?
- Cognitive abilities develop in continuous, overlapping waves rather than discrete steps or stages- new abilities don’t pop up when a child turns a certain age
- Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought- most 3-4 year olds can take another person’s perspective (They develop theory of mind)
- Children, even infants, reveal cognitive abilities much earlier than Piaget believed possible
- Cognitive development is influenced by a child’s culture
What is theory of mind?
A system of beliefs about the way ones own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings
What is power assertion?
A method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child’s misbehaviour Threats Physical punishment Depriving child of privileges Taking advantage of being bigger
Extreme power assertion results in aggressive kids
