3 Ch. Basic Logical Concepts

Question 1

Arguments that try to prove their conclusions with rigorous, inescapable logic.

Answer 1

Deductive arguments

Question 2

Arguments that try to show that their conclusions are plausible or likely given the premise(s).

Answer 2

Inductive arguments

Question 3

All humans are mortal.
Socrates is human.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

This is an example of???

Answer 3

Deductive arguments

Question 4

If the president lives in the White House, then he lives in Washington, D.C. The president does live in the White House. So, the president lives in Washington, D.C.

This is an example of???

Answer 4

Deductive arguments

Question 5

Polls show that 75 percent of Republicans favor a school prayer amendment. Joe is a Republican. Therefore, Joe likely favors a school prayer amendment.

This is an example of???

Answer 5

Inductive arguments

Question 6

Every ruby so far discovered has been red. So, probably all rubies are red.

This is an example of???

Answer 6

Inductive arguments

Question 7

The bank safe was robbed last night. Whoever robbed the safe knew the safe’s combination. Only two people know the safe’s combination: Lefty and Bugsy. Bugsy needed money to pay his gambling debts. Bugsy was seen sneaking around outside the bank last night. It is reasonable to conclude, therefore, that Bugsy robbed the safe.

This is an example of???

Answer 7

Inductive arguments

Question 8

An argument that has obvious facts to back it up the conclusion (Airtight)

Answer 8

Deductive argument

Question 9

An argument that has assumptions to back up the conclusion. (unstable)

Answer 9

Inductive argument

Question 10

What are the 4 test you can do to determine if an argument is Deductive/Inductive?

Answer 10

• the indicator word test
• the strict necessity test
• the common pattern test
• the principle of charity test

Question 11

certainly, definitely, absolutely, conclusively,
it logically follows that, it is logical to conclude that, this logically implies that, this entails that

These words and phrases are used in what kind of arguments?

Answer 11

Deductive arguments

Question 12

probably, likely, it is plausible to suppose that, it is reasonable to assume that,
one would expect that, it is a good bet, that chances are that, odds are that

These words and phrases are used in what kind of arguments?

Answer 12

Inductive Arguments

Question 13

________ to signal the assertion of premises or conclusions, we use indicator words to signal when our arguments are deductive or inductive.

Answer 13

Indicator Word Test

Question 14

An argument’s conclusion either follows with strict logical necessity
from its premises or it does not.
If the argument’s conclusion does follow with strict logical necessity from its premises, the argument should always be treated as deductive.4
If the argument’s conclusion does not follow with strict logical necessity from its premises, the argument should normally be treated as inductive.

Answer 14

Strict Necessity Test

Question 15

Because deductive and inductive arguments often occur in characteristic, telltale patterns of reasoning, we can apply the _____ to determine which kind of reasoning we are dealing with.

Answer 15

Common Pattern Test

Question 16

If we’re in Paris, then we are in France.
We are in Paris.
Therefore, we are in France.

What test is this??What type of argument???

Answer 16

Common Pattern Test, Deductive

Question 17

When interpreting an unclear argument or passage, always give the speaker or writer the benefit of the doubt.

Answer 17

Principle of Charity Test