3 CF, lung cancer and OSA Flashcards
How do you get CF
- inherited disorder
- CFTR gene (chromosome 7)
- recessive
What is CF
Inherited defect in cell chloride channels
What organs are particularly affected in CF
- Lung congestion
- Malabsorption of nutrients by the pancreas
How do they diagnose CF
- Perinatal testing (all children now screened -blood)
- ‘sweat test’ - measures salt content of sweat as greater salt in CF patients
symptoms of CF
- troublesome cough
- repeated chest infections with unusual organisms e.g. psuedomonas
- prolonged diarrhoea
- poor weight gain (can’t digest fat)
- liver dysfunction
- prone to osteoporosis
- diabetes symptoms
- reduced fertility
treatment of CF
- physiotherapy
- medication
- exercise
- transplantation
How is physiotherapy used in CF treatment
to remove mucous secretions from the lungs, performed at home by parents
How is medication used in CF treatment
Lungs:
- bronchodilators to open airways
- antibiotics to reduce chest infection frequency
- steroids to reduce airway inflammation
- Dnase to break down mucus
Digestive system:
- pancreatic enzyme replacement
- nutritional supplements
How is exercise used in CF treatment
- to keep lung function optimal
- to build physical bulk and strength
How is transplantation used in CF treatment
- not a cure
- end stage lung disease (also affects heart)
- heart-lung transplant (better)
How can gene therapy be used as CF treatment
its easy to get gene into adult cells because use a virus as a carrier to put into cells
Problem is when cells are dying or replaced they are replaced by the same faulty cell in the first place, getting progressively better
What proportion of lung tumours are malignant
almost all + spread
what is the most common lung cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
what causes squamous cell carcinoma
smoking
what are the different types of lung tumour
- squamous cell carcinoma
- small cell
- large cell
- adenocarcinoma
What lung tumour is most linked to smoking
squamous cell carcinoma
What is a big problem of lung tumours
the don’t unusally present until quite far down the line
What effects do lung tumours have
- cough
- haemoptysis (normal sputum with strips of blood)
- pneumonia
- metastasis
- dysphagia (tumour pushing against oesophagus)
- svc obstruction
- recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (one side gets paralysed -embryology)
What is the difference of the sputum between heart failure and lung tumours
heart failure = pink frothy sputum
lung tumour = normal with strips of blood
how long does it take for a lung tumour to develop
a long time
what is key to preventing lung tumours
smoking cessation
where do squamous cell carcinomas and non-squamous cell carcinomas tend to be in the lungs
squamous cell carcinoma - centrally
others - peripherally
What is the survival rate like for lung tumours
75% die within 1st year after diagnosis
What does OSA stand for
obstructive sleep apnoea
