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BDS3 BAMS Microbiology > 3. Candida > Flashcards

3. Candida Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What purpose does candida serve in the oral biome ?

A

Provides physical scaffold for bacteria - ‘mycofilms’.
Creates protected growth.

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2
Q

What are the key risk factors for candida infection ?

A

Immunocompromised.
Advanced HIV.
Parenteral nutrition.
Broad spectrum antibiotics.
Long term corticosteroid use.
Diabetes

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3
Q

What are the two significant candida in the mouth ?

A

Candida albicans.
Candida glabrata.

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4
Q

What treatment should be used to treat Candida albicans infection ?

A

Fluconazole and miconazole.

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5
Q

What treatment should be used to treat Candida glabrata infection ?

A

Nystatins.

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6
Q

What are the 5 types of candidal infection ?

A

Pseudomembranous.
Erythematous.
Hyperplastic.
Angular chelitis.
Chronic mucocutaneous - generalised candidasis with oral manifestations.

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7
Q

What is an example of pseudomembranous candida infection ?

A

Thrush.

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8
Q

What is an example of erythematous candida infection ?

A

Denture induced stomatitis.

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9
Q

What is an example of hyperplastic candida infection ?

A

Candida leukoplakia (pre-malignant).

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10
Q

What clinical findings would be related to pseudomembranous candida infection ?

A

White raised patches (lots of yeast hyphae above tissue surface).
Easily wiped away with scraping with some bleeding.
Common in untreated HIV patients.

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11
Q

What clinical findings would be related to erythematous candida infection ?

A

Inflamed mucosa.
Burning sensation.
Discomfort.
Bad taste.

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12
Q

What causes denture induced stomatitis ?

A

Fungal organisms failed to be removed from oral surface through OH.
Adhere and colonise on acrylic surfaces via co-aggregation and biofilm formation.

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13
Q

What is the biggest risk with pseudomembranous and erythematous candida infection ?

A

Risk of aspiration pneumonia.

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14
Q

What classification system can be used for erythematous candida infection ?

A

Newtons type 1 - localised inflammation.
Newtons type 2 - diffuse inflammation.
Newtons type 3 - granular, more widespread inflammation.

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15
Q

What causes chronic hyperplastic, oral candida leukoplakia ?

A

Yeast hyphae grow into tissues and cannot be scraped off.
Can be sign of pre-malignancy.

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16
Q

What is the correlation between candida and head and neck cancer ?

A

Alcohol product of years production - not cariogenic in itself.
Causes production of acetaldehyde enzymes - carcinogenic causing DNA damage.

17
Q

What other bacteria is associated with angular chelitis ?

A

S. Aureus (gram-positive bacteria).

18
Q

What treatment would be given for angular chelitis ?

A

Topical miconazole (gel).

19
Q

What is the difference between Candida albicans and candida glabrata ?

A

Candida albicans - forms hyphae - can be seen under microscope.
Candida glabrata - does not form hyphae.
This can determine what type of infection when looking under microscope.

20
Q

How do azole drugs work ?

A

Target ergosterol biosynthetic pathway - ergosterol component in fungal cell membrane and interruption alters membrane stability, permeability and action of membrane-bound enzymes.

21
Q

How does polyenes (nystatin) drugs work ?

A

Creates pores in cell membrane causing leaking of cytoplasmic contents and results in cell death.

22
Q

What anti-fungal drugs come in topical preparations ?

A

Nystatin and miconazole.

23
Q

What anti-fungal can be administered systemically ?

A

Fluconazole - capsulated.

24
Q

What micro-organisms can miconzaole be used to treat ?

A

All candida with varied sensitivity and staphylococcus.
Use to treat angular chelitis.

25
Q

What micro-organisms can nystatin be used to treat ?

A

All candida - resistance is rare but no antibacterial activity.

26
Q

What micro-organisms can fluconazole be used to treat ?

A

Candida albicans.

27
Q

What properties does chlorhexidine pose ?

A

Anti-microbial and anti-fungal - and therefore, most effective.

28
Q

Your patient is immunocompromised and presents with oral candida infection. What treatment would be you prescribe ?

A

Systemic anti-fungal i.e. fluconazole + topical anti-fungal/chlorhexidine rinse.

29
Q

Your patient is immunocompetent and presents with oral candida infection with poor OH. What treatment would you carry out ?

A

OH advice and chlorhexidine rinse.

30
Q

Your patient is immunocompetent and presents with oral candida infection with dry mouth. What treatment would you prescribe ?

A

Any topical or systemic anti-fungal - miconazole first line.

31
Q

Your patient is immunocompetent and presents with oral candida infection with large erosive lesions. What treatment would you prescribe ?

A

Systemic anti-fungal i.e. fluconazole + topical anti-fungal/chlorhexidine rinse.

BDS3 BAMS Microbiology (5 decks)

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