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HIGHER GEOG 24/25 > 3 - Biosphere > Flashcards

3 - Biosphere Flashcards

1
Q

BROWN EARTH: HUMUS LAYER

A

Thick mull humus layer

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2
Q

BROWN EARTH: A HORIZON

A

dark brown enriched A horizon

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3
Q

BROWN EARTH: B HORIZON

A

Lighter brown B horizon

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4
Q

BROWN EARTH: C HORIZON

A

Weathered parent material

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5
Q

BROWN EARTH:VEGETATION COVER

A

Deciduous woodland with a layer of undergrowth and long tree roots

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6
Q

BROWN EARTH:SOIL BIOTA

A

Abundant soil biota

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7
Q

HOW DOES VEGETATION AFFECT BROWN EARTH FORMATION?

A

deciduous forests provide deep leaf litter and deep roots that recycle nutrients from deep into the soil.

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8
Q

HOW DOES SOIL BIOTA AFFECT BROWN EARTH FORMATION?

A

abundant soil biota leads to good mixing and aerating of thesoil resulting in poorly defined horizons.

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9
Q

HOW DOES TOPOGRAPHY AFFECT BROWN EARTH FORMATION?

A

Tend to be found on gentler slopes that allow the formation of thick soils.

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10
Q

HOW DOES CLIMATE AFFECT BROWN EARTH FORMATION?

A

precipitation slightly exceeds evaporation resulting in a small amount of downward leaching.

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11
Q

HOW DOES HUMIFICATION AFFECT BROWN EARTH FORMATION?

A

mild/ warmer climate rapidly breaks down organic matter into a mull humus providing a rich dark colour.

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12
Q

HOW DOES TRANSLOCATION AFFECT BROWN EARTH FORMATION?

A

B horizon is lighter in colour as limited leaching has taken place and an absence of nutrient rich humus.

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13
Q

PODZOL: HUMUS LAYER

A

Thin black mor humus

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14
Q

PODZOL: A HORIZON

A

Top stained darker by humus, ash grey eluviated layer

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15
Q

PODZOL: B HORIZON

A

reddish brown B horizon with iron pan

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16
Q

PODZOL: C HORIZON

A

Weathered parent material

17
Q

PODZOL: VEGETATION COVER

A

coniferous forest, heather moorland with thin undergrowth of mosses and lichens

18
Q

PODZOL: SOIL BIOTA

A

lack of soil biota

19
Q

HOW DOES VEGETATION AFFECT PODZOL FORMATION?

A

coniferous needles and cones produce an acidic mor humus whilst shallow roots limit absorption of deep leached minerals and nutrient recycling.

20
Q

HOW DOES SOIL BIOTA AFFECT PODZOL FORMATION?

A

limited soil biota leads to well defined horizons.

21
Q

HOW DOES TOPOGRAPHY AFFECT PODZOL FORMATION?

A

found on steeper slopes that encourages leach through the soil.

22
Q

HOW DOES HUMIFICATION AFFECT PODZOL FORMATION?

A

low temperatures cause a slow rate of decomposition.

23
Q

HOW DOES TRANSLOCATION AFFECT PODZOL FORMATION?

A

high precipitation leads to the leaching of aluminium and iron oxides. This creates an iron pan between the A/B horizons and may cause waterlogging.

24
Q

HOW DOES ELUVIATION AND ILLUVIATION AFFECT PODZOL FORMATION?

A

Eluviation leaves an ash grey A horizon. ​
Illuviation leads to a reddish brown B horizon

25
Q

GLEY: HUMUS LAYER

A

Thin black mor humus

26
Q

GLEY: A HORIZON

A

darker brown/grey A horizon (peat may form)

27
Q

GLEY: B HORIZON

A

Blue/grey B horizon

28
Q

GLEY: C HORIZON

A

Impermeable parent material

29
Q

GLEY: VEGETATION COVER

A

shrubs, grasses and rushes with undergrowth of mosses and lichens

30
Q

GLEY: SOIL BIOTA

A

Anaerobic conditions so little biota

31
Q

HOW DOES VEGETATION AFFECT GLEY FORMATION?

A

limited vegetation produces a thin layer of acidic mor humus and shallow roots limit the recycling of minerals.

32
Q

HOW DOES SOIL BIOTA AFFECT GLEY FORMATION?

A

low temperatures mean few organisms can survive whichreduces mixing in the soil causing clearly defined layers.

33
Q

HOW DOES TOPOGRAPHY AFFECT GLEY FORMATION?

A

found on flatter ground that results in drainage problems.

34
Q

HOW DOES WEATHERING AFFECT GLEY FORMATION?

A

freeze-thaw takes place causing large chunks of angular rock to be brought up to the A and B horizons.

35
Q

HOW DOES HUMIFICATION AFFECT GLEY FORMATION?

A

low temperatures cause a slow rate of decomposition.

36
Q

HOW DOES WATERLOGGING AFFECT GLEY FORMATION?

A

heavy precipitation and snow melt creates anaerobic conditions and a blue/grey colour due to gleying. If soils dries out in summer mottling occurs due to small oxygen pockets and the re-oxygenation of iron.

HIGHER GEOG 24/25 (8 decks)

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