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6120 Wilcox > 3 and 4 > Flashcards

3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology

A

study of distribution and determinants of a disease

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2
Q

What are incidence rates

A

the number of new cases

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3
Q

what are prevalence rates

A

the number of cases at a given point in time

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4
Q

what is the iceberg phenomenon

A

asymptomatic people aren’t being counted

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5
Q

risk factor criteria

A
  1. temporal relation
  2. dose response
  3. strength of association
  4. consistency
  5. biological sense
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6
Q

Prevention

A

primary - before you have the disease, keeping it away
secondary - symptoms have started, but you try to keep them down
tertiary - you have the disease, are just trying to manage the symptoms, and rehabilitate

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7
Q

What are experimental studies

A

when the operator changes certain variables and studies the outcome

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8
Q

what are observational studies

A

when the operator simply observes what is going on

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9
Q

what are the types of descriptive studies

A

case reports
case series
correlational/ecological
cross sectional surveys

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10
Q

what is a case report

A

a study of a single individual

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11
Q

what is a case series

A

a study of a few individuals with unusual symptoms or conditions

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12
Q

what is a correlational/ecological study

A

when rates are studied and you look for correlations

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13
Q

what is a cross sectional survey

A

a survey of the general population at a single point in time

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14
Q

what is a case control study

A

a study in which you focus on people with the disease, and look into the past for common exposures

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15
Q

what is a cohort study

A

a study in which you focus on people with a certain exposure and observe them periodically

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16
Q

what is a Quasi-experimental study

A

a study in which the operator changes variables but no control group is present

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17
Q

what is a true-experimental study

A

a study in which the operator changes variables and has a control group for comparisons

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18
Q

hierarchy of evidene

A
  1. metaanalysis/systematic review
  2. randomized clinical trial
  3. cohort study
  4. case control
  5. case series
  6. case reports
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19
Q

What is quantitative data

A

numerical data

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20
Q

what is continuous quantitative data

A

numerical data for which all values are possible

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21
Q

what is discrete quantitative data

A

numerical data for which only certain values are possible

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22
Q

what is categorical data

A

data that falls into categories, can’t be quantified

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23
Q

what is non-ordinal or nominal categorical data

A

data that falls into categories, but those categories are in no particular order

24
Q

what is ordinal categorical data

A

data that falls into categories, and those categories have a sort of order

25
Q

What are the descriptive statistics for quantitative data

A

mean - average
median - middle number when in numerical order
mode - most common value
standard deviation - average variation from the average
square root of the variance

26
Q

what are the descriptive statistics for categorical data

A

frequency - # of outcomes in that category

percentage - # of outcomes in that category per 100

27
Q

what are the four types of sampling

A

convenience - using the most convenient group
random -
stratified -
systematic

28
Q

What is the null hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that is being tested
declares no difference, or no effect
rejecting the null happens when p < or = .05
fail to reject the null happens when p> .05

29
Q

What is the alternate hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that the researcher thinks they are studying

usually declares that there is a difference, or that there is an effect.

30
Q

what is a type 1 error

A

false positive

rejecting the null when you shouldn’t

31
Q

what is a type 2 error

A

false negative

failing to reject the null when you should

32
Q

What is the p value

A

the probability that a difference occurred by chance alone and isn’t a true difference

33
Q

What are confidence intervals

A

usually listed at 95%, indicates the probability that the CI contains the true population parameter

34
Q

What does it mean if the CI (confidence interval) passes through 1

A

that it is not significant

35
Q

What tests are used on quantitative data

A

T-Tests (used to compare differences in TWO groups)
ANOVA
Linear regression

36
Q

What are the types of T-tests

A

one sample T-test - single population vs. known
two sample T-test - two sample populations
matched pair T-test - single group measured at two points

37
Q

What is an ANOVA test for

A

a test two determine if differences between more that two groups are statistically different

38
Q

what is a linear regression used for

A

Correlation

39
Q

what is the symbol for correlation and what do its values mean

A

r
it can be from -1 to 1, the further from 0 the more strongly correlated they are.
when r=0 it means there is no correlation

40
Q

What does the square of the correlation tell us (r^2)

A

how likely things will fit to the line

41
Q

What are the analyses for categorical data

A

Chi square
logistic regresssion
Odds ratio

42
Q

When is a chi square analysis used

A

on categorical data when comparing proportions of two groups with dichomotus outcomes

43
Q

What does the odds ratio tell us

A

odds difference between those exposed and those not exposed

44
Q

what does an OR of 1 =

A

no difference between groups

45
Q

What does an OR >1 =

A

it shows an increased risk (higher OR = higher risk)

46
Q

what does an OR < 1 =

A

it shows it as protective

47
Q

What does a CI that goes through 1 mean

A

that it is not significant

48
Q

What does validity tell you

A

whether or not the study is good at finding what you are looking for

49
Q

what is external validity

A

does the study fit the patients

50
Q

What is internal validity

A

is the study well designed

51
Q

what is sensitivity

A

does it detect a difference when there is a difference

52
Q

what is specificity

A

does it detect no difference when there isn’t a difference

53
Q

What is reliability

A

is it reproducable, repeatable

54
Q

What is Bias

A

systematic error resulting in incorrect estimates

55
Q

what is selection bias

A

inappropriate selection and assignment to groups

56
Q

what is a recall bias

A

when those studied incorrectly recall past events

57
Q

what is confounding

A

a third variable that is hard to tease out and can affect your dependent variable

6120 Wilcox (4 decks)

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