3-4 Flashcards
5 key assumptions of behaviorism
- environment influences behavior
- learning is described thru stimuli-response
- Learning must involve behavioral change
- learning results when stimulus and response happen in conjunction
- animals and humans learn in similar ways
4 major behaviorists
- John Watson (father of behaviorism)
- Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning)
- B.F. Skinner (operant conditioning)
- Edward Thorndike (law of effect)
Cognitive psychology
focuses on learning based on how people Perceive, Remember, Think, Speak and Problem-solve
mnemonic: Please Remember To Speak Properly
2 ways cognitive perspective differs from behaviorist perspective
- acknowledges the existence of internal mental states
- claim memory structures determine how information is perceived, processed, stored, retrieved and forgotten
mnemonic: please pet samuel’s retarded frog
4 major cognitive psychologists
- Jean Piaget (Piaget’s theory of cognitive dev and stages of cognitive dev)
- Lev Vygotsky (sociocultural dev theory)
- Noam Chomsky (father of modern linguistics)
- Jerome Bruner (coined ‘scaffolding’)
Developmental psychology
change that occurs in learners over the course of a long period of time
2 kinds of theories:
• continuous (gradual)
• discontinuous (stage-like)
4 developmental theorists
- Jean Piaget
- Erik Erikson (stages of psychosocial dev)
- Lawrence Kohlberg (stages of moral dev)
- James Marcia (theory of identity achievement)
5 assumptions of social cognitive perspective
- Learning occurs through observation
- Learning is an internal process (which may or may not lead to a behavioral change)
- Behavior is directed toward a particular goal
- Behavior eventually becomes self-regulated
- Observing punishment and rewards can impact behavior of observer
Social cognitive psychologist know for social learning theory
Albert Bandura
Constructivism
learner constructs, rather than absorbs, knowledge from his or her experiences
4 observations of constructivism
- learner is self-directed and creative
- learner arrives at conclusions based on his or her background
- learner is responsible for learning; teacher facilities
- collaborative learning is key part
4 constructivist psychologists
- John Dewey
- Maria Montessori (philo of Ed and schools)
- David Kolb (experiential learning)
- Ernst von Glasersfeld (radical constructivism)
5 perspectives of educational psych
Behavioral, Cognitive, Developmental, Social Cognitive & Constructivist
4 parts of classical conditioning
- unconditioned stim- stimulus that naturally elicits response
- unconditioned response - natural response to uncon stim
- neutral stim - stim that doesn’t naturally elicit response
- conditioned stim - when neutral stim is paired w/ uncon stim over time to elicit response
Generalization
person learns a response to a particular stimulus and then makes the same response to similar stimuli
• classical cond
Extinction
- gradual disappearance of an acquired response by the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
- ex: attention seeking behavior fades as teacher ignores student
- classical cond
Operant conditioning
a response increases in frequency as a result of its being followed by reinforcement
Through his “Skinner’s Box” experiments, he found that _______________ for the animal played a large role in their ______________ behavior.
consequences; response
Reinforcer
Stimuli that increase the probability of the response happening again
2 kinds of reinforcers
- primary - biological built-in needs (food, shelter)
2. secondary - associated with a primary reinforcer; aka ‘conditioned reinforcement’ (money)
____________ reinforcers come from the environment; ___________ reinforcers come from oneself.
Extrinsic; intrinsic
Positive reinforcement
Adding consequence that increases likelihood of behavior
• operant conditioning
Negative reinforcement
Removing negative consequence to increase likelihood of behavior
• operant conditioning
Punishment
consequence that decreases the response it follows
Reinforcement
the act of following a response with a reinforcer
Shaping
reinforcing successive approximations
The process of shaping is called a ___________
program
3 steps in the shaping process
- Reinforce any response that in some way resembles the terminal behavior.
- Reinforce responses that more closely approximates the terminal behavior (no longer reinforcing the previous reinforced response).
- Reinforce only the terminal behavior
Differential reinforcement
combining reinforcements and extinction
Shaping can generate ______________that have almost a zero probability of occurring naturally in the final form
Complex behaviors
During shaping the instructor should identify both the ________ behavior and _________ behavior.
target; current
2 schedules of reinforcement
- Continuous
• desired behavior reinforced every time
• used initially to create strong association between the behavior and reinforcement
• advantage: behavior learned quickly
•disadvantage: hard to maintain; removal of reinforcement leads to extinction - Partial (intermittent)
• response is reinforced only part of time
•advantage: more resistant to extinction
•disadvantage: behaviors take longer to learn
4 types of partial reinforcement schedules
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
