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Brain & Behaviour > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

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0
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Any neural tissue outside the brain and spinal cord.

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1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Nerves and supporting cells that reside within the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

Efferent axons

A

Travel away from CNS

They effect an action in the body.

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3
Q

Afferent axons

A

Travel from the body towards the CNS.

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary part of the PNS
Relays information that humans are self-aware of.
The signals for such voluntary activity originate in higher CNS brain regions (known as the cortex).

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5
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A

Nerve cells inside the spinal cord

Axon > nerve cell > efferent axon > skeletal muscle (muscle contraction)

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Automatic part of the PNS
Relays information that humans are not self-aware of.
Signals for this involuntary activity are generated lower in the brain.

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7
Q

Visceral motor neurons

A

In the spinal cord

Axon > nerve cell > efferent axon > contracts non-skeletal muscle (muscle that is not attached to bones)

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8
Q

Ganglionic neuron

A

Inside PNS

Relays information from the visceral motor neuron to the target cell.

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9
Q

Receptor cell

A

Skin, muscle joint, organ
Axons of these cells synapse on sensory neurons in peripheral ganglia (neural clusters).
The axons of these ganglionic neurons (dorsal root ganglia) then pass into the spinal cord and travel to the brain.

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10
Q

Touch receptor

A

Touch information travels via an axon to a dorsal root ganglion in PNS. The signal travels to assorted brain regions to recognise the information.

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11
Q

Spinal cord

A

Dorsal - front
Ventral - back
Have white matter (axons and supporting cells)
Have grey matter (nerve cell bodies)
Somatic and autonomic nerves travel out of spinal cord through ventral route. They travel into spinal cord through dorsal route.

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12
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the ANS that prepares the body for increased levels of somatic activity in the near future.
Changes through body activity through a neurotransmitter called noradrenaline.

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13
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the ANS that regulates visceral activity (I.e. Digestion of food) - roughly the opposite in function to the sympathetic nervous system.
Body activity through release of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine from postganglionic fibres.

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14
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Increased alertness, energy, euphoria
Increased cardiovascular, respiratory activity
Lowered digestive activity

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15
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Increased digestive activity
Decreased cardiovascular, respiratory activity
Defecation, urination, sexual activity

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16
Q

Hindbrain

A

Part of CNS

Medulla oblongata consists of nuclei (bundles of neurons) regulating autonomic function

17
Q

Brain stem

A

Relays sensory information from the lower body to a higher region of the brain called the thalamus in the forebrain.

Contains pons and cerebellum

18
Q

Midbrain

A

Rests above brain stem

Made up of reticular activating system (sends projections throughout brain to keep it aroused)

19
Q

Superior and Inferior Colliculi

A

Inside midbrain

Receive visual and auditory information from higher brain sensory centres and initiate reflex movements.

20
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Inside midbrain

A neural system that inhibits the activity of motor centres in the forebrain that initiate movement

Dysfunction of the substantia nigra can result in Parkinson’s disease symptoms

21
Q

Forebrain

A 
Contains basal nuclei (a cluster of neurons with a role in motor function)
Contains thalamus (relays sensory information from the senses to the cortex; relays information between cortical and subcortical motor areas)
22
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Claustrum

23
Q

Thalamus

A 
Limbic system
Frontal lobes
Cerebral cortex
Auditory
Visual 
General sensory input 
Cerebellum 
Basal nuclei
24
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Region that detects and controls body change, e.g. Thirst and hunger.

25
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Thermoregulatory centre which detects and controls body temperature.
This is important as the rest of the cells in the body need a narrow range of temperatures in which to function.

26
Q

Preoptic area

A

Inside rostral hypothalamus
Detects temperature changes in the body monitoring blood temperature
Signals from preoptic area travel down to the vasomotor centre of the medulla oblongata.

27
Q

Vasomotor centre of the medulla oblongata

A

Controls muscles surrounding blood vessels which can dilate if body temperature is too high.

28
Q

Fluid balance

A

Thirst centre is in the preoptic area and adjacent anterior hypothalamus

The level of dissolved things in the blood is monitored by the thirst centre

Thirst messages are turned off once rehydration has occurred and oral stimulation and stomach filling are detected

29
Q

Nutrient balance

A

The hunger centre is located in the vent remedial hypothalamus

30
Q

Blood pressure

A

Changes in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors (special cells)
If blood pressure is too low the hypothalamus can directly increase heart rate which acts to increase blood pressure

31
Q

Limbic system

A

Means border

Role in motivation and emotion

32
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Made up of left and right hemispheres and connected by commisures (allow communication/connection between spheres)
One sphere is better than the other at particular tasks

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

33
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Main neural connection

The smaller anterior commisure is at the front of the brain.

34
Q

Motor areas

A

Control voluntary motor functions
Primary motor cortex - contain pyramidal cells (control voluntary movement by supervising activity of somatic motor neurons in brain stem and spinal cord)

35
Q

Sensory areas

A

Associated with conscious awareness of sensation
Signals from outside world relayed through the thalamus
The primary somatosensory cortex receives somatic sensory information

36
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

Each body region is represented by corresponding cortical neurons topographically mapped

37
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

In occipital lobe

Performs basic mapping of retinal information

38
Q

Primary olfactory and gustatory cortices

A

Receive information about smell and taste

39
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

In temporal lobe

Receives auditory information

40
Q

Association areas

A

Give orders to the primary motor cortex and perform higher processing of information received from the primary sensory cortices.

E.g. Somatosensory association area, visual and auditory association areas, prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor cortex

Brain & Behaviour (3 decks)

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