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Spring '14-127 (Exam 2) > 3/3/14-Laryngectomy & Cancer > Flashcards

3/3/14-Laryngectomy & Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Laryngectomy?

A

A surgical procedure to remove the larynx

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2
Q

What is a Laryngectomee?

A

A person who has had the surgery of removing the larynx

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3
Q

T/F: A nickname for people who have had the laryngectomy done is “Lary”?

A

True

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4
Q

Discuss Albers experimentation in 1820

A
  • Experimented on dogs, preferably beagles
  • Did first ever experimentation of removing the larynx
  • It was successful. However, the dog only lived 9 days
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5
Q

What is the number one cause of failure in surgeries? (back in history)

A

Infection

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6
Q

1866: Who is Patrick H. Watson ?

A
  • A surgeon from Edinburgh, Scotland
  • Performed sx on a man who had laryngeal deterioration from cephalus
  • Patient died from the cancer

Although sx was condemned, the laryngectomy made literature history

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7
Q

Discuss what Theodore Billroth did in 1873.

A
  • Removed the larynx from a man who had subglottal cancer

- Patient healed well from surgery, but died from cancer 1 year later (spread to the nodes in his neck)

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8
Q

Who performed the first removal of an esophagus & gastrectomy?

A

Theodore Billrith

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of death (after surgery?)

A

Pneumonia

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10
Q

What did Bottini of Italy do in 1875?

A
  • Performed a sx on 24 yr old man who had subglottal cancer
  • After sx he lived for another 5 years post surgery
  • The idea that someone could survive from this surgery was BIG!
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11
Q

What event resulted in laryngectomy’s becoming more recognized?

A

Bottini’s surgery in 1875, which was successful even though the patient died of cancer 5 years later

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12
Q

What type of incision did Von Langenbeck invent in 1875?

A
  • T-Shape incision
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13
Q

Describe what Von Langenbeck did in 1875.

A
  • Invented the T-Shape incision
  • He also came up with ligature of blood vessels (tying them off)
  • Within one procedure he tied off 41 blood vessels
  • laryngectomy on a patient – that patient lived for 4 months (died of cancer)
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14
Q

Who performed the first laryngectomy in America & in what year?

A
  • German man named, Lange in 1879
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15
Q

By 1887 how many laryngectomies have been performed?

A
  • 103
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16
Q

Out of the 103 patients who underwent laryngectomy surgery, how many patients survived past 1 year?

A
  • 9
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17
Q

What year did laryngectomies became an accepted procedure?

A

1925

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18
Q

In present time, how many laryngeal transplants have been done?

A
  • 2
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19
Q

What does incidence mean?

A

How many new cases in a given period of time

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20
Q

What does prevalence mean?

A

How many people living with the disease

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21
Q

What is the incidence of cancer?

A

Approximately 1,200,000 new cases of cancer/year in the U.S.

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22
Q

What is the prevalence of cancer?

A

Approximately 8 million survivors

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23
Q

How many people die of cancer/year?

A
  • 600,000
24
Q

What cancer kills the most people?

A

Lung Cancer

25
Q

What percent of men & women will be diagnosed with some form of cancer?

A
  • 46% of men

- 38% of women

26
Q

What are the chances of death for men and women?

A
  • 24% of men

- 20% of women

27
Q

What is the incidence of laryngeal cancer?

A

approximately 12,000/year in the US

28
Q

T/F: Laryngeal cancer is less than 2% of all cancers diagnosed each year?

A

True

29
Q

T/F: laryngeal cancer is 25% of all head and neck cancers

A

True

30
Q

What is the incidence of laryngectomies per year?

A

5,000 - 7,000

31
Q

What is the prevalence of laryngectomies?

A

60,000

32
Q

T/F: More women than men get laryngeal cancer?

A
  • False; More men than women

- 4:1 (Men are more likely to receive a laryngectomy)

33
Q

What is the average age of diagnosis?

A

-63 (retired men)

34
Q

What does the Normal Cell life consist of?

A

Begins with Division/mitosis.

Then goes into Gap 1 that happens within a minimum of 2 hours.

Then travels into the synthesis period where DNA replicates

Then goes into Gap 2 which happens for a minimum of 10 hours

35
Q

T/F: The fastest a cell can divide again is 12 hours?

A

True

36
Q

Within a 24 hours period, how many cells does out body replicate?

A

Roughly 3 billion cells

37
Q

T/F: Normal cell life includes normal cell death?

A

True

38
Q

What is the term for cell death?

A

Apoptosis

39
Q

Describe what happens during Apoptosis.

A
  • Means to “drop off” (commit suicide)
  • This means that a cells program essentially tells it to “commit suicide”
  • This is planned cell death
40
Q

What happens when the cell keeps getting communication from its surrounding?

A
  • That the communication keeps the cell alive
41
Q

What happens if a cell stops getting communication from the cells around it?

A
  • Then the cell will die
42
Q

What is Metastisis?

A

-When a cell wonders off in the body and doesn’t have a suicide program

43
Q

T/F: Different kinds of cancers cells tend to metastisize?

A

True

44
Q

Where does laryngeal cancer tend to metastisize to?

A
  • The Brain &/or
  • The Lungs
  • It will also metastize the tissues around it
  • It can also grow through the fascia of spinal column, tongue or jaw
  • Spreads more locally than other cancers
45
Q

What is Necrosis?

A
  • Cell death due to damage or disease

- If you have cell necrosis there will be cell replacement

46
Q

What is abnormal cell life?

A
  • CANCER
47
Q

When does cancer occur?

A
  • When the suicide program in a cell doesn’t happen
  • No signal: Cell can’t hear the signals from the cells around it
  • Detective defective: cell wonders off and doesn’t commit suicide, the body’s immune system defense hunts it down that cell and destroys it
  • Overrides: There is a defective gene that “overrides” that suicide gene (So the genetic defect has overridden the “on switch to die”
48
Q

What cells are suppose to have this override gene?

A

-Neurons b/c they are suppose to live forever

49
Q

What is a rapidly producing cell program?

A
  • Blood
50
Q

What causes cancer?

A
  • Genetic defects (duplicated with the exact same genetic feedback)
  • How fast it produces depends on what kind of cell it was before
  • Inheritance
  • Chemicals: Teratogens; carcinogens (alcohol, formaldehyde, some fungi, gasoline, lead)
  • Viruses: HPV
  • Radiation: Teratogen
51
Q

What are the risk factors for laryngeal cancer?

A
  • Smoke
  • Alcohol
  • Poor nutrition
  • GERD (acid-reflux)
52
Q

What is the first symptom of laryngeal cancer?

A

-Hoarseness

53
Q

What are the symptoms of laryngeal cancer?

A
  • Hoarseness
  • Persistent cough
  • Prolonged sore lump in the throat
  • Dysphagia
  • Persistent throat pain
  • Persistent ear pain
  • Dyspnea/stridor
  • Unexplained weight loss
54
Q

What symptoms are apart of the glottic cancer?

A
  • Hoarseness

- Persistent cough

55
Q

What symptoms are apart of supraglottic cancer?

A
  • Prolonged sore lump in the throat

- Dysphagia

Spring '14-127 (Exam 2) (5 decks)

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