3-22 - 3-24, protecting areas

Question 1

Considerations for designing or designating areas to preserve

Answer 1

Representation of biodiversity
Distinctiveness
Endangerment
Utility for ecosystem services
Economics
Redundancy
Size
Stated goals in relation to desired populations
Connectivity to other protected areas
Possible changes, notably climate, but others, too
Final product: Conservation Plan – look at all the above factors

Question 2

Representation of biodiversity

Answer 2

Need an inventory of species and abundance
* Need an inventory of biomes
Solutions: “hotspot” identification, gap analysis

Question 3

Distinctiveness

Answer 3

flagship or distinctive species, e.g. Komodo Dragon

Question 4

Economic considerations for preservation

Answer 4

amount of protection per dollar cost to establish and to maintain
E.g. Children’s Eternal Rain Forest in Costa Rica– wanted first to buy land on drier Pacific
slope as that was in most need of protection. But too economically useful, therefore
expensive, so bought on Caribbean side, rain forest so not so ”useful”  easier & cheaper

Question 5

Hawaii Finch Gap
Analysis

Question 6

Analysis of gaps using
geographic information
systems (GIS)

Question 7

Whooping Cranes

Question 8

Home range of the Quetzal

Question 9

Dan Janzen

Answer 9

heroic effort to save an area truly representative of the tropical dry forest and a complete ecosystem

Question 10

Jaragua

Answer 10

African grass imported for cattle pasture, became a major fire
hazard, preventing regeneration of the dry forest

Question 11

Serengeti N. P. & other Protected Areas

Answer 11

shows importance of
buffer areas

Question 12

Wildebeest at Mara River

Question 13

efforts to reduce effects of fragmentation

Answer 13

Corridors, tunnels, overpasses
Benefits: allow recolonization by dispersing individuals
Counters inbreeding – needs only a few individuals
Costs: dispersal of diseases, predators, “outbreeding depression”

Question 14

Golden Lion Tamarin

Question 15

Mesoamerican Corridor (Path of the
Panther)

Answer 15

jaguar
Puma, Panther, Mountain Lion,
Catamount
Baird’s Tapir

Question 16

spruce grouse

Question 17

people’s issues

Answer 17

displacement of people and their livelihoods
Eviction or restriction create long-term problems
“Conservation vs. People” – must it be?

Question 18

displacement of people and their livelihoods

Answer 18

Historical: removal of native Americans from Yellowstone (Shoshone and Crow 1872) and
Yosemite (burning of Miwok villages). Removal of 15,000 in Appalachians for parks.
To make them “primeval”
Turn of 1900s: removal of 15,000 in Appalachians for parks, some purchased but many
forcibly evicted by principle of “eminent domain”
Typically powerless and/or poor people

Question 19

Eviction or restriction create long-term problems

Answer 19

• people remember for a long time
• Loss of part of ecosystem as people often part of ecology
• Empty areas attract poachers and squatters
  “Wilderness” in Adirondacks –> elimination of hunting camps and all relics of habitation
  What about snowmobiles and ATVs (all-terrain vehicles)?