3/03

Question 1

What is the framework of biological molecules primarily composed of?

Answer 1

Carbon bonded to C, O, N, S, P, or H

Question 2

What are monomers?

Answer 2

Repeated subunits that serve as the building blocks

Question 3

Define polymers.

Answer 3

Chains of monomers

Question 4

What is a dehydration reaction?

Answer 4

Creates the polymer by removing water

Question 5

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 5

Breaks down the polymer by adding water

Question 6

What is the chemical ratio of carbohydrates?

Answer 6

1:2:1 ratio of C, H, O

Question 7

What type of bond is found in carbohydrates?

Answer 7

Glycosidic linkage

Question 8

What do C-H bonds in carbohydrates hold?

Answer 8

Much energy

Question 9

Name a simple carbohydrate.

Answer 9

Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose)

Question 10

What are disaccharides?

Answer 10

Two monosaccharides linked together (e.g., sucrose, lactose)

Question 11

Define polysaccharides.

Answer 11

Long chain of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, chitin)

Question 12

What are lipids characterized by?

Answer 12

Hydrophobic properties

Question 13

What elements do all lipids contain?

Answer 13

C, H, and O; some contain P and N

Question 14

What are simple lipids composed of?

Answer 14

One glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 15

What type of bond is found in lipids?

Answer 15

Ester linkage

Question 16

Why are lipids insoluble in water?

Answer 16

They are non-polar

Question 17

Do lipids form large polymers?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

What are phospholipids composed of?

Answer 18

Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

Question 19

What structure do phospholipids form?

Answer 19

Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds cells and organelles

Question 20

What elements do all proteins contain?

Answer 20

C, H, O, and N

Question 21

What are the monomers of proteins?

Answer 21

Amino acids

Question 22

What type of bond is found in proteins?

Answer 22

Peptide bond

Question 23

What differentiates amino acids?

Answer 23

The functional group (‘side chain’, R group)

Question 24

What do amino acids join to form?

Answer 24

Polypeptide chain (polymer)

Question 25

What determines the chemistry of amino acids?

Answer 25

The R group

Question 26

What determines the function of a protein?

Answer 26

The shape of the protein

Question 27

What are the four levels of protein organization?

Answer 27

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Question 28

List some functions of proteins.

Answer 28

* Enzymes (e.g., amylase) * Structural (e.g., keratin) * Contractile (e.g., myosin) * Hormones (e.g., insulin) * Transport (e.g., haemoglobin) * Defence (e.g., antibodies)

Question 29

What elements do nucleic acids contain?

Answer 29

C, H, O, N, and P

Question 30

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Answer 30

Nucleotides

Question 31

What are the components of a nucleotide?

Answer 31

* A nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil) * 5-carbon monosaccharide * A phosphate group

Question 32

What is the polymer of nucleotides called?

Answer 32

Nucleic acid bonded together by phosphodiester linkages

Question 33

What is the structure of Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)?

Answer 33

Forms a double helix

Question 34

What nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?

Answer 34

A, T, G, C

Question 35

What type of sugar is found in DNA?

Answer 35

Deoxyribose sugar

Question 36

Where is DNA restricted to?

Answer 36

The nucleus

Question 37

What is the structure of Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA)?

Answer 37

Single stranded

Question 38

What nitrogenous bases are found in RNA?

Answer 38

A, U, G, C

Question 39

What type of sugar is found in RNA?

Answer 39

Ribose sugar

Question 40

Where is RNA found?

Answer 40

In nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 41

What is ATP?

Answer 41

A ribose nucleotide with 3 phosphate functional groups

Question 42

What links the three phosphate groups in ATP?

Answer 42

High-energy unstable covalent bonds

Question 43

Why are the phosphate groups in ATP significant?

Answer 43

They are highly negatively charged, causing them to repel each other

Question 44

What are atoms?

Answer 44

Atoms are the fundamental structural units of elements.

Question 45

What are elements?

Answer 45

Elements are the building blocks of matter.

Question 46

What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?

Answer 46

* Protons (p+) * Neutrons (n) * Electrons (e-)

Question 47

Where are protons located and what is their charge?

Answer 47

Protons are positively charged and located in the nucleus.

Question 48

What is the charge of neutrons and where are they located?

Answer 48

Neutrons have no charge (neutral) and are located in the nucleus.

Question 49

What is the charge of electrons and where are they located?

Answer 49

Electrons are negatively charged and located in orbitals around the nucleus.

Question 50

What are valence electrons?

Answer 50

Valence electrons are in the outermost shell of an atom.

Question 51

What is the octet rule?

Answer 51

Atoms will give up, accept, or share electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell (= 8 valence electrons).

Question 52

What happens to an atom with a full valence shell of electrons?

Answer 52

It is especially stable and therefore unreactive/inert.

Question 53

When will an atom react with other atoms?

Answer 53

An atom will react with other atoms if the valence shell is partially full.

Question 54

What is the relationship between electrons in the valence shell and potential energy?

Answer 54

Electrons in the valence shell have greater potential energy related to their position further away from the atomic nucleus.

Question 55

What is energy?

Answer 55

Energy is the capacity to cause change.

Question 56

What is potential energy?

Answer 56

Potential energy is the energy that matter has because of its location or structure.

Question 57

What do atoms form when they bond together?

Answer 57

Atoms bond to form molecules.

Question 58

What are the types of chemical bonds?

Answer 58

* Covalent bonds * Ionic bonds * Hydrogen bonds

Question 59

What are covalent bonds?

Answer 59

Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of paired electrons to satisfy the octet rule.

Question 60

What determines the distribution of electrons in covalent bonds?

Answer 60

Differences in electronegativity dictate how electrons are distributed.

Question 61

What is electronegativity?

Answer 61

Electronegativity is the affinity of an atom for electrons.

Question 62

What are ionic bonds?

Answer 62

Ionic bonds are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions.

Question 63

How is a valence electron transferred in ionic bonds?

Answer 63

A valence electron is transferred to complete the outer shell.

Question 64

What are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 64

Hydrogen bonds are attractive interactions between the partial positive charge on hydrogen in a polar molecule and an electronegative atom of a nearby polar molecule.

Question 65

What is the significance of the polarity of water?

Answer 65

Polarity allows water molecules to be attracted to one another, producing hydrogen bonds.

Question 66

What characterizes individual hydrogen bonds?

Answer 66

Each individual hydrogen bond is weak and transitory.

Question 67

What are the cumulative effects of hydrogen bonds in water?

Answer 67

The cumulative effects are enormous and responsible for many of water’s important physical properties.