2nd Year Entry Exam Flashcards
absolute
a construction detached grammatically from the main clause but modifying the main clause
Adverbial
functioning like an adverb - modifying a verb
Adjectival
functioning like an adjective - modifying a noun or other substantive
Agent (agency)
the thing responsible for performing the action - primary (υπο) , secondary / intermediate (δια) or instrumental (εν / dative)
Anarthrous
without the article
Apodosis
the ‘then’ or consequence clause of a conditional construction, or the independent clause in a sentence which has a conditional-like clause ‘whoever’
Apposition
a semantic relationship whereby on item defines another, established through an appositional genitive, nominative or accusative and the use of an infinitive. Appositional expresses a relationship for nouns, an epexegetical one for verbs.
Arthrous
with the article
Articular
with the article
Aspect (verbal)
a semantic category which governs verb tense-form usage in greek e.g aorist used for the perfective aspect
Asyndeton
a construction in which clause are joined without the use of connecting particles of conjunctions
Attributive
a syntactical structure whereby a quality or attribute is considered part of what another item is by nature
Auxiliary (verb)
like ειμι which helps another verb like a participle to form a complete verbal unit … necessary in periphrastic verbal constructions
Case
the use of different forms of a given substantive to show its with other words in a basic sentence structure.
Clause
a complete grammatical construction consisting of one or more phrases - they can be independent / dependent (subordinate)
Complement
the element which completes or complements a predicate, often associated with the subject of the main verb and normally consists of at least one phrase
Completive
any element that completes another element in a sentence - like an object being the completive of a verb
Conjugation
the display of forms of a verb
Conjunction
a word that joins other words or clause - coordinating e.g ‘and’, ‘but’ OR subordinating e.g ‘while’, ‘if’
Constative
a label given to verbs or certain usage of verbs that are said to treat an action in its entirety - start to finish
Declension
a pattern of various forms of a substantive indicating gender, number and case
Definite Article
a word modifying a substantive indicating it as particular or unique - ‘the’
Deliberative
referring to thought, consideration or intent
Demonstrative
words used to refer to a particular person or group - ‘this’ / ‘that’ - ‘ουτος’ / ‘εκεινος’
Deponent
a word used to describe verbs that appear middle or passive in form but are active in meaning - like ερχομαι
Desiderative
expressing desire, usually in the form of mild desire
Enclitic
description of a small group of words that rely on the preceding word for their accent
Epexegetic
a semantic relationship whereby one item defines another
Gnomic
term characterising an event as continuous or recurring over time - usually events in nature
Hortatory
characterised by language designed to direct, incite or encourage
Imperfective
a verbale aspect used to describe an action as in process expressed in the present and imperfect tenses
Inceptive
expressing the beginning of an action
Inferential
pointing to a logical conclusion to be drawn from another action
Infinitive
embodies the verbal idea in the form of a noun; a verbal noun
Inflection (inflected language)
the sets of endings which languages such as Greek attach to their words to distinquish various semantic and syntactical categories and relations
Ingressive
expressing the beginning of an action
Instrumental
expressing the means or agent by which an action is completed
Intransitive
verbs which make sense without need of an object or complement
Iterative
expressing repetition of an action
Modal
related to mood
Mood
the label given to the forms used to indicate the speakers view of an actions relation to reality / certainty: definite = indicative, might = subjunctive, command = imperative, wishful = optative … infinitive and participle are non-indicative moods.
Number
the distinction between singular and plural in both substantives and verbs
Paradigm
a model or pattern often used to refer to a list of inflected forms of a given morphological category such as verbs or substantives
Participle
embodies the verbal idea in the form of an adjective - a verbal adjective
Partitive
describing the function of a word or phrase which refers to a part of a larger whole - e.g ‘some of the people’
Perfective
a verbal aspect used to describe an action as whole or complete, expressed by the aorist tense
Periphrastic
- ειμι + a participle
2. any means by which one statement may be a substitute for another
Person
a quality of verbs which indicates that the speaker is: the subject (1st), another person (2nd) or the thing spoken about (3rd).
Phrase
a group of words forming a syntactical unit which may constitute: subject + predicate + complement e.t.c. Phrases can be noun / nominal, verbal, prepositional e.t.c.
Post positive
not occurring in the first position in a sentence
Predicate
- A structure whereby a quality or attribute is given to another item, usually given by the predicated item not falling within the range of the substantive and its article
- The functional name for the verbal part of a clause consisting of a verb phrase.
Preposition
a word belonging to a group of particles often used to aid the cases in their function by joining a noun phrase to other words in a clause. They take objects and govern cases.
Proleptic
referring to, looking to the future
Protasis
the ‘if’ or supposition clause of a conditional construction or the dependent clause in a sentence that has a conditional like clause
Punctiliar
expressing momentary or point like action.
Purpose
the intention behind or reason for another action. Purpose often overlaps with result, because to intend an action means that something comes about as a result
Relative Pronoun
a pronoun serving to link a subordinate clause to a substantive e.g the man ‘who’
Result
the results or consequences of another action. Results often overlap with purpose because to bring about a result means to bring about what was intended.
Sentence
A syntactical unit consisting of one or more phrases, at least one of them an independent clause
Subordination
The grammatical means by which dependent relations especially between clauses are indicated
Substantive
A term given to any word that might be used like a noun
Syntax
A grammatical term concerned with the order of words, phrase and other elements and the meaning relationships they enter into
Telic
Describing the intention behind or reason for another action
Transitive
Transitive verbs require direct objects to make sense
Voice
A semantic category used to describe the relation of the agent to its action. Voice indicates whether the subject is acting or being acted upon: active = subject acting, middle = subject acts on itself, passive = action done to the subject.
Volitive
Describes a wish, a volitive is a mild form of command
