2nd quiz Sensory & Short-Term Memory Flashcards
what is bottom-up processing
perception is guided by incoming sensory information, “data-driven” processing
what is top-down processing
perception is guided by knowledge, memories, expectations, goals, etc., “conceptually-driven” processing, important for product design
what is Word Superiority Effect
recognizing letters together in words faster than separate
How does perception happen
one theoretical model is through feature networks aka neural networks
what are neural (feature) networks
artificial networks consisting of nodes (“neurons”) and links (connections between nodes, “axons”). The nodes and links have activation levels, the nodes “fire” when they reach a certain activation
what range do neural network activation levels
energy ranges from -1 to +1
how do you find the output node activity
sum activity of each input multiplied by activity of its link
why did researchers believe that there was a separate neurocognitive system for face recognition
-face ID is highly orientation dependent
-Prosopagnosia (face blindness)
-fusiform face area
what is prosopagnosia
“face blindness”, inability to recognize face by sight alone, but eyesight, memory, thinking, is all okay
what is the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe
an area of the brain that distinguishes between similar items within a familiar category
in what ways are faces special
-social interaction
-highly orientation dependent
-prosopagnosia & super recognizers
-FFA
in what ways are faces not special
-activation of FFA by Greebles & other stimuli
-prosopagnosic people have further perceptual differences
FFA as “expert configurational System”
what is attention
the process of selectively concentrating on one part of the external or internal environment while ignoring other parts
What created more interest in studying attention
WWII: air traffic controller communicating with pilots, Broadbent was curious to know what the limits, capabilities were of attention
what are some ways our attentional capacity is limited
inattentional blindness, change blindness
what is inattentional blindess
failure to recognize an unexpected stimulus that appears in plain sight
what is change blindness
inability to detect changes in a scene
what is the dichotic listening technique (Cherry 1953)
two simultaneous speech streams “channels”, one right ear one left ear,
what information do people reliably pick up from the attended channel? What do they pick up from the unattended channel?
people reliably pick up everything they hear from the attended channel. People only pick up the physical attributes of the unattended channel but are clueless about the semantic content.
How is inattentional blindness demonstrated?
In the lab: having participants fixate on a target and instructed to make judgements about a different target on the side of the screen. the fixation target changed and if participants were able to detect this change although their eyes had been pointing at the target the entire time.
what situations outside of the laboratory seem to reflect inattentional blindness?
when people go to their refrigerator to look for mayo and can’t seem to find it although the bottle is right in front of them.
What are the 4 models of attention
The Filter Model
The Attenuation Model
Late Selection Model
Theory of Perceptual Load
What is the filter model
The filter can be applied to either channel
Similar to changing channels on a TV
An “early selection” model
The filter model can not account for the cocktail party effect
What is the attenuation model
The attenuator can be applied to either channel, suppresses that channel
Certain words are always in a nearly active state (your name, name of a loved one, taboo words)
What is a late selection model
the filter occurs AFTER semantic analysis NOT before
Meaning of unattended info should have the power to influence behavior
Subliminal Priming (IN LAB) only works
What is theory of perceptual load
Basic Principles: Attention is limited
Easy tasks use very little attention
Hard tasks use a lot of attention
what is spatial attention
the mechanism through which people allocate processing resources to particular positions in space
what is limited capacity system
Group of processes in which mental resources are limited
what are mental resources
some process or capacity needed for performance
what is pre-attentive processing for single features
automatic, effortless process, applied over entire visual field
Targets just “pop out”
what is focused attention for feature conjunctions
controlled, effortful process
must check locations one by one
what is domain general view of cognitive resources
single pool of cognitive resources
2 tasks that demand more resources than available, producing performance costs
what is domain specific view of cognitive resources
many separate pools of resources
two tasks that are dissimilar in content or process should not interfere with each other
