2nd quiz Sensory & Short-Term Memory

Question 1

what is bottom-up processing

Answer 1

perception is guided by incoming sensory information, “data-driven” processing

Question 2

what is top-down processing

Answer 2

perception is guided by knowledge, memories, expectations, goals, etc., “conceptually-driven” processing, important for product design

Question 3

what is Word Superiority Effect

Answer 3

recognizing letters together in words faster than separate

Question 4

How does perception happen

Answer 4

one theoretical model is through feature networks aka neural networks

Question 5

what are neural (feature) networks

Answer 5

artificial networks consisting of nodes (“neurons”) and links (connections between nodes, “axons”). The nodes and links have activation levels, the nodes “fire” when they reach a certain activation

Question 6

what range do neural network activation levels

Answer 6

energy ranges from -1 to +1

Question 7

how do you find the output node activity

Answer 7

sum activity of each input multiplied by activity of its link

Question 8

why did researchers believe that there was a separate neurocognitive system for face recognition

Answer 8

-face ID is highly orientation dependent
-Prosopagnosia (face blindness)
-fusiform face area

Question 9

what is prosopagnosia

Answer 9

“face blindness”, inability to recognize face by sight alone, but eyesight, memory, thinking, is all okay

Question 10

what is the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe

Answer 10

an area of the brain that distinguishes between similar items within a familiar category

Question 11

in what ways are faces special

Answer 11

-social interaction
-highly orientation dependent
-prosopagnosia & super recognizers
-FFA

Question 12

in what ways are faces not special

Answer 12

-activation of FFA by Greebles & other stimuli
-prosopagnosic people have further perceptual differences

Question 13

FFA as “expert configurational System”

Question 14

what is attention

Answer 14

the process of selectively concentrating on one part of the external or internal environment while ignoring other parts

Question 15

What created more interest in studying attention

Answer 15

WWII: air traffic controller communicating with pilots, Broadbent was curious to know what the limits, capabilities were of attention

Question 16

what are some ways our attentional capacity is limited

Answer 16

inattentional blindness, change blindness

Question 17

what is inattentional blindess

Answer 17

failure to recognize an unexpected stimulus that appears in plain sight

Question 18

what is change blindness

Answer 18

inability to detect changes in a scene

Question 19

what is the dichotic listening technique (Cherry 1953)

Answer 19

two simultaneous speech streams “channels”, one right ear one left ear,

Question 20

what information do people reliably pick up from the attended channel? What do they pick up from the unattended channel?

Answer 20

people reliably pick up everything they hear from the attended channel. People only pick up the physical attributes of the unattended channel but are clueless about the semantic content.

Question 21

How is inattentional blindness demonstrated?

Answer 21

In the lab: having participants fixate on a target and instructed to make judgements about a different target on the side of the screen. the fixation target changed and if participants were able to detect this change although their eyes had been pointing at the target the entire time.

Question 22

what situations outside of the laboratory seem to reflect inattentional blindness?

Answer 22

when people go to their refrigerator to look for mayo and can’t seem to find it although the bottle is right in front of them.

Question 23

What are the 4 models of attention

Answer 23

The Filter Model
The Attenuation Model
Late Selection Model
Theory of Perceptual Load

Question 24

What is the filter model

Answer 24

The filter can be applied to either channel
Similar to changing channels on a TV
An “early selection” model
The filter model can not account for the cocktail party effect

Question 25

What is the attenuation model

Answer 25

The attenuator can be applied to either channel, suppresses that channel
Certain words are always in a nearly active state (your name, name of a loved one, taboo words)

Question 26

What is a late selection model

Answer 26

the filter occurs AFTER semantic analysis NOT before
Meaning of unattended info should have the power to influence behavior
Subliminal Priming (IN LAB) only works

Question 27

What is theory of perceptual load

Answer 27

Basic Principles: Attention is limited
Easy tasks use very little attention
Hard tasks use a lot of attention

Question 28

what is spatial attention

Answer 28

the mechanism through which people allocate processing resources to particular positions in space

Question 29

what is limited capacity system

Answer 29

Group of processes in which mental resources are limited

Question 30

what are mental resources

Answer 30

some process or capacity needed for performance

Question 31

what is pre-attentive processing for single features

Answer 31

automatic, effortless process, applied over entire visual field
Targets just “pop out”

Question 32

what is focused attention for feature conjunctions

Answer 32

controlled, effortful process
must check locations one by one

Question 33

what is domain general view of cognitive resources

Answer 33

single pool of cognitive resources
2 tasks that demand more resources than available, producing performance costs

Question 34

what is domain specific view of cognitive resources

Answer 34

many separate pools of resources
two tasks that are dissimilar in content or process should not interfere with each other