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AP Psych > 2nd quarter > Flashcards

2nd quarter Flashcards

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1
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable being manipulated or changed

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2
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable being measured

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3
Q

Random sample

A

each sample in the study has an equal chance of being selected

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4
Q

Random Assignment

A

using chance procedures to assign participants to groups

drawing names from a hat

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5
Q

case study

A

a study about one specific person to analyze a special case

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6
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

layer that forms around axon cells to protect them and help speed up the message

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7
Q

axon terminal

A

button like endings that are responsible for communicating with other cells

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8
Q

dendrites

A

stringy parts of neuron around soma, receives messages from other cells

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9
Q

action potential

A

electrical potential in action

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10
Q

sensory/afferent neuron

A

carry messages from the senses to the spinal cord

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11
Q

motor/efferent neuron

A

carry messages from the spinal cord to the muscles, glands, and interneurons

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12
Q

Acetylcholine

A

chief neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system, can stimulate a response or block a response, learning, memory, muscle contraction

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13
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter involved in mood, attention, movement, and learning

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14
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter that regulates sleep, mood, appetite, and body temperature

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15
Q

reuptake

A

the neuron that sent out the neurotransmitter takes back any leftover neurotransmitter

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16
Q

agonist

A

drugs that mimic a particular neurotransmitter, activate the same receptors, increase effects of neurotransmitter
ex morphine

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17
Q

antagonist

A

drugs that stop a neurotransmitter from reaching the receptor
ex. naloxone

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18
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

flight or flight, accelerates heart rate, increases breathing, raised blood pressure, sweating

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19
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms the body down after flight or flight, decreases function

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20
Q

cerebellum

A

part of the brain that regulates movement, balance, and coordination

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21
Q

limbic system

A

parts of the brain responsible for our emotions and behavior, like flight or flight, and behaviors needed for survival:
hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia

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22
Q

thalamus

A

relays sensory and motor skills, regulates consciousness and alertness

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23
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

regulates fear, hunger, temperature, and sexual activity

24
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

regulates eating

25
Q

hippocampus

A

regulates memory and long term storage, part of limbic system

26
Q

amygdala

A

emotional responses like pleasure, fear, anxiety, and anger. links emotion to memory

27
Q

occipital lobes

A

responsible for visual perception, including color, form, and motion

28
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

located at front of frontal cortex, regulates planning and personality development

29
Q

temporal lobe

A

regulates processing emotions, language, and visual perception

30
Q

broca’s area

A

regulates speech

31
Q

wernicke’s area

A

regulates the understanding of speech

32
Q

plasticity

A

the brains ability to adapt and change its shape in response to stimuli

33
Q

neural pruning

A

the brains natural process of eliminating extra synapses from early childhood to adulthood

34
Q

circadian rhythm

A

physical, mental, and behavioral changes based on a 24 hour schedule
ex. sleep

35
Q

activation synthesis theory

A

says dreams are caused by physiological processes of the brain

36
Q

manifest content

A

the literal content of the dream

37
Q

latent content

A

symbolic meaning of the dream

38
Q

barbiturates

A

sedative drugs

39
Q

narcotics/opiates

A

substances that dull or accelerate pain and senses

40
Q

hallucinogenics

A

a psychoactive substance that causes hallucinations

41
Q

Eleanor Gibson

A

Made many contributions to the field of perception, infant development, and reading
Gibsonian theory of ecological development: perception allows us to adapt to our environment

42
Q

Ernst Weber

A

created the just noticeable difference theory

43
Q

gustav fechner

A

phsycophysics, a field of study about sensation and the stimuli that create them

44
Q

hubel and wiesel

A

contributed to the study of visual-information processing

45
Q

absolute threshold

A

the smallest level of stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time

46
Q

just noticeable difference

A

the smallest difference between stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time
ex. the smallest difference in sound for us to notice a change

47
Q

weber’s law

A

a change in JND will always have a constant ratio with its original stimulus

48
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after being exposed to it for a while

49
Q

sensory habituation

A

occurs when people are put around the same stimulus for a while, and soon begin to stop reacting to it
ex. a new ring tone may at first feel different, but soon feels normal

50
Q

selective attention

A

the ability to choose what you focus on

51
Q

inattentional blindness

A

if we don’t focus on one task, we can miss major events around it
ex. texting and driving

52
Q

kinesthesia

A

awareness of the movement and location of the limbs

53
Q

proprioception

A

the body’s ability to detect its movement, action, and location

54
Q

vestibular sense

A

allows us to move smoothly, allows us to maintain balance

55
Q

monocular depth clues: linear perspective and interposition

A

information about the reticular image about depth and distance
interposition: relative height
linear perspective: texture gradient

56
Q

binocular depth cues: convergence and disparity

A

information that helps us judge distance

convergence: when looking at a close up object, eyes go together
disparity: each eye sees a slightly different image because of the 6 cm difference

57
Q

gestalts principles

A 
Principle of proximity
Principle of closure.
Principle of similarity
Principle of continuity.
Principles of perception
Principle of organization
Principle of symmetry

AP Psych (2 decks)

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