2nd Qt Flashcards
What is energy defined as?
The ability to do work or bring about a change
What is kinetic energy?
Energy of motion
What is potential energy?
A stored energy whose capacity to accomplish work is not being used at the moment
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another
What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy
What is entropy?
Indicates the relative amount of disorganization; the universe moves in the direction of greater entropy
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
The common energy currency of cells
What are the components of ATP?
- Nitrogen-containing base adenine
- 5-carbon sugar ribose
- Three phosphate groups
What is the significance of the three phosphates of ATP?
They repel each other due to negative charge, creating instability and potential energy
What is phosphorylation?
The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule
What characterizes an exergonic reaction?
Energy is released
What characterizes an endergonic reaction?
Energy is absorbed
What is a coupling reaction?
The use of an exergonic reaction to fuel an endergonic reaction
What is the ATP-ADP cycle?
The process by which ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy
What is the role of chloroplasts?
Site for photosynthesis in plants and algae
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that can produce their own food
What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that eat other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
What occurs during photosynthesis?
Light energy is transformed into chemical energy
What are the structures of chloroplasts?
- Outer Membrane
- Inner Membrane
- Stroma
- Thylakoid
- Granum/Grana
- Lumen
What is the function of pigments in plants?
Substances that have color resulting from selective absorption
Fill in the blank: The process of splitting a chemical compound by means of light energy is called _______.
Photolysis
What is the electron transport chain?
A series of protein complexes found in the thylakoid membrane
What is chemiosmosis?
Movement of ions from higher to lower concentration
What are the stages of the light-dependent reaction?
- Excitation of photosystems and photolysis of water
- Generation of ATP by electron transport chain
- Formation of NADPH
What is carbon fixation?
The process by which inorganic carbon from the atmosphere is assimilated into living organisms
What is RuBisCo?
A plant enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis
What is the Calvin cycle?
Chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose
What are the phases of the Calvin cycle?
- Carbon Fixation
- Reduction
- Regeneration of RuBP
What is the primary product of the Calvin cycle?
Glucose
What is cellular respiration?
A process that involves the oxidation and reduction of molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
A chemical process that requires oxygen to produce ATP
What is the process that involves the oxidation and reduction of molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP?
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
This process occurs in the mitochondrion.
What are the reactants in aerobic cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose and oxygen are the primary reactants.
What are the products of aerobic cellular respiration?
6CO2 + 6H2O
Carbon dioxide and water are the main products.
What is the first stage of aerobic cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
What is the chemical process that occurs in glycolysis?
Breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules
What is the main purpose of the Krebs Cycle?
To produce NADH, FADH2, GTP, and release CO2
What is the formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
What does the term ‘oxidation’ refer to in cellular respiration?
Loss of electrons
What does the term ‘reduction’ refer to in cellular respiration?
Gain of electrons
What is the initial product formed in the Krebs Cycle?
Citric acid
What is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6 phosphate in glycolysis?
Hexokinase
Fill in the blank: The Krebs Cycle is also known as the _______.
Citric Acid Cycle
What are the parts of the mitochondria involved in cellular respiration?
- Outer membrane
- Inner membrane
- Cristae
- Intermembrane
- Matrix
What is the role of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
Contains proteins involved in the electron transport chain and ATP synthase
What is produced during glycolysis?
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
- 2 pyruvate
What is the main function of the electron transport chain?
To transfer high-energy electrons and pump hydrogen ions
True or False: Anaerobic cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen.
False
What type of fermentation occurs in our muscle cells during strenuous activity?
Lactic Acid Fermentation
What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen (O2)
What is the overall reaction of the Krebs Cycle?
2 acetyl CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi -> 4 CO2 + 2 CoA + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 GTP
What are the two types of fermentation?
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Alcoholic Fermentation
What is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to citrate?
Citrate synthase
Fill in the blank: The enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde in alcoholic fermentation is _______.
Pyruvate decarboxylase
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
2 ATP
What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
- Ethanol
- Carbon dioxide
- NAD+
What happens to NADH during fermentation?
It is oxidized to NAD+
What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
To synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
What is the primary product of alcoholic fermentation?
Ethanol
Alcoholic fermentation converts pyruvate molecules to ethanol.
What process do pyruvate molecules undergo to form acetaldehyde?
Decarboxylation
This process is facilitated by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase.
Which enzyme is responsible for converting pyruvate to acetaldehyde?
Pyruvate decarboxylase
This enzyme acts during the first step of alcoholic fermentation.
What coenzyme is involved in the first step of alcoholic fermentation?
Thiamine pyrophosphate
This coenzyme assists the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase.
What occurs in step 2 of alcoholic fermentation?
Acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol
This process involves the addition of a hydride group from NADH.
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
This enzyme facilitates the reduction of acetaldehyde in the second step.
What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
- Ethanol
- NAD+
- CO2
Each process produces 2 molecules of these products.
What is produced during lactic acid fermentation?
- Lactate
- NAD+
Lactic acid fermentation also produces 2 molecules of NAD+.
Fill in the blank: Alcoholic fermentation is used in _______.
Baking bread, winemaking
This fermentation process is key in both baking and winemaking.
True or False: Alcoholic fermentation produces CO2.
True
CO2 is a byproduct of alcoholic fermentation.
List two applications of lactic acid fermentation.
- Cheese production
- Yogurt production
These processes utilize lactic acid fermentation as a key step.
