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General biology 1 > 2nd Qt > Flashcards

2nd Qt Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy defined as?

A

The ability to do work or bring about a change

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2
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of motion

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3
Q

What is potential energy?

A

A stored energy whose capacity to accomplish work is not being used at the moment

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4
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another

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5
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy

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6
Q

What is entropy?

A

Indicates the relative amount of disorganization; the universe moves in the direction of greater entropy

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7
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

The common energy currency of cells

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8
Q

What are the components of ATP?

A
  • Nitrogen-containing base adenine
  • 5-carbon sugar ribose
  • Three phosphate groups
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9
Q

What is the significance of the three phosphates of ATP?

A

They repel each other due to negative charge, creating instability and potential energy

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10
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule

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11
Q

What characterizes an exergonic reaction?

A

Energy is released

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12
Q

What characterizes an endergonic reaction?

A

Energy is absorbed

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13
Q

What is a coupling reaction?

A

The use of an exergonic reaction to fuel an endergonic reaction

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14
Q

What is the ATP-ADP cycle?

A

The process by which ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy

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15
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts?

A

Site for photosynthesis in plants and algae

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16
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that can produce their own food

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17
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that eat other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

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18
Q

What occurs during photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is transformed into chemical energy

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19
Q

What are the structures of chloroplasts?

A
  • Outer Membrane
  • Inner Membrane
  • Stroma
  • Thylakoid
  • Granum/Grana
  • Lumen
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20
Q

What is the function of pigments in plants?

A

Substances that have color resulting from selective absorption

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of splitting a chemical compound by means of light energy is called _______.

A

Photolysis

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22
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of protein complexes found in the thylakoid membrane

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23
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Movement of ions from higher to lower concentration

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24
Q

What are the stages of the light-dependent reaction?

A
  • Excitation of photosystems and photolysis of water
  • Generation of ATP by electron transport chain
  • Formation of NADPH
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25
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

The process by which inorganic carbon from the atmosphere is assimilated into living organisms

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26
Q

What is RuBisCo?

A

A plant enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis

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27
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

Chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose

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28
Q

What are the phases of the Calvin cycle?

A
  • Carbon Fixation
  • Reduction
  • Regeneration of RuBP
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29
Q

What is the primary product of the Calvin cycle?

A

Glucose

30
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A process that involves the oxidation and reduction of molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP

31
Q

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

32
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration?

A

A chemical process that requires oxygen to produce ATP

33
Q

What is the process that involves the oxidation and reduction of molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP?

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

This process occurs in the mitochondrion.

34
Q

What are the reactants in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Glucose and oxygen are the primary reactants.

35
Q

What are the products of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O

Carbon dioxide and water are the main products.

36
Q

What is the first stage of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

37
Q

What is the chemical process that occurs in glycolysis?

A

Breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules

38
Q

What is the main purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

A

To produce NADH, FADH2, GTP, and release CO2

39
Q

What is the formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

40
Q

What does the term ‘oxidation’ refer to in cellular respiration?

A

Loss of electrons

41
Q

What does the term ‘reduction’ refer to in cellular respiration?

A

Gain of electrons

42
Q

What is the initial product formed in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Citric acid

43
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6 phosphate in glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase

44
Q

Fill in the blank: The Krebs Cycle is also known as the _______.

A

Citric Acid Cycle

45
Q

What are the parts of the mitochondria involved in cellular respiration?

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane
  • Cristae
  • Intermembrane
  • Matrix
46
Q

What is the role of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Contains proteins involved in the electron transport chain and ATP synthase

47
Q

What is produced during glycolysis?

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 pyruvate
48
Q

What is the main function of the electron transport chain?

A

To transfer high-energy electrons and pump hydrogen ions

49
Q

True or False: Anaerobic cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen.

A

False

50
Q

What type of fermentation occurs in our muscle cells during strenuous activity?

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

51
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen (O2)

52
Q

What is the overall reaction of the Krebs Cycle?

A

2 acetyl CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi -> 4 CO2 + 2 CoA + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 GTP

53
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation
  • Alcoholic Fermentation
54
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to citrate?

A

Citrate synthase

55
Q

Fill in the blank: The enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde in alcoholic fermentation is _______.

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase

56
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

57
Q

What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?

A
  • Ethanol
  • Carbon dioxide
  • NAD+
58
Q

What happens to NADH during fermentation?

A

It is oxidized to NAD+

59
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

A

To synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

60
Q

What is the primary product of alcoholic fermentation?

A

Ethanol

Alcoholic fermentation converts pyruvate molecules to ethanol.

61
Q

What process do pyruvate molecules undergo to form acetaldehyde?

A

Decarboxylation

This process is facilitated by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase.

62
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for converting pyruvate to acetaldehyde?

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase

This enzyme acts during the first step of alcoholic fermentation.

63
Q

What coenzyme is involved in the first step of alcoholic fermentation?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate

This coenzyme assists the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase.

64
Q

What occurs in step 2 of alcoholic fermentation?

A

Acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol

This process involves the addition of a hydride group from NADH.

65
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

This enzyme facilitates the reduction of acetaldehyde in the second step.

66
Q

What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?

A
  • Ethanol
  • NAD+
  • CO2

Each process produces 2 molecules of these products.

67
Q

What is produced during lactic acid fermentation?

A
  • Lactate
  • NAD+

Lactic acid fermentation also produces 2 molecules of NAD+.

68
Q

Fill in the blank: Alcoholic fermentation is used in _______.

A

Baking bread, winemaking

This fermentation process is key in both baking and winemaking.

69
Q

True or False: Alcoholic fermentation produces CO2.

A

True

CO2 is a byproduct of alcoholic fermentation.

70
Q

List two applications of lactic acid fermentation.

A
  • Cheese production
  • Yogurt production

These processes utilize lactic acid fermentation as a key step.

General biology 1 (1 decks)

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