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VT 260 ER & CC > 2nd Midterm Review > Flashcards

2nd Midterm Review Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

The primary examination of trauma patients should follow?

A

The mnemonic:
A: Airway
B: Breathing
C: Circulation
D: Dysfunction of central nervous system

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2
Q

What is the first step in examining a trauma patient?

A

Check for a patient airway

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3
Q

What is the second step in treating a trauma patient?

A

Assess character of respiration & breathing abnormalities including mucous membrane color

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4
Q

What is the third step when treating trauma patients?

A

Circulation - check CRT, heart, pulse rate
*Assessing for cardiovascular abnormalities including hemorrhage & Hypovolemic shock

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5
Q

What is the final step when treating a trauma patient?

A

Dysfunction of the central nervous system - check the animals awareness, responsiveness, & attitude

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6
Q

After initial assessment is completed on a trauma patient what are common baseline diagnostic tests that may be ordered?

A
  1. Blood Pressure
  2. ECG Tracing
  3. PCV/TS
  4. BUN
  5. Glucose Assays
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7
Q

What are common additional diagnostic tests that are ran on trauma patients after stabilization has occurred?

A

Radiographs/Ultrasound
Complete CBC
Blood chemistry panel
Electrolytes
Blood gasses
Coagulation tests

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8
Q

What are common emergency supplies needed to treat trauma patients?

A

Suction equipment
Intravenous Fluids
Radiographs or Ultrasound studies
Hematology, Blood Chemistry, Blood Gas Analysis
Surgical Intervention
Warming Device

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9
Q

What are clinical signs of an airway obstruction?

A
  1. Lack of breath
  2. Dyspnea
  3. Cyanosis
  4. Stridor
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10
Q

Common causes of obstructed airway?

A
  1. Swelling *Most common
  2. Upper respiratory tract inflammation
  3. Oral cavity inflammation
  4. Blood/Mucus accumulation *Use suction to remove
  5. Foreign Body (FB)
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11
Q

Treatment for obstructed airway?

A
  1. Remove fluid/foreign body
  2. Place ET Tube
  3. Tracheotomy
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12
Q

Signs of respiratory distress?

A
  1. Open Mouth Breathing
  2. Cyanosis Mucus Membranes
  3. Abnormal body posture w/ increased respiratory effort
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13
Q

Clinical signs off breathing abnormalities

A

Cyanosis
Dyspnea
increased respiratory effort
Flared Nostrils
Extended head/neck
Abducted Elbow
Flail Chest

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14
Q

Common causes for respiratory distress/breathing abnormalities in trauma patients?

A
  1. Pneumothorax
  2. Hemothorax
  3. Diaphragmatic Hernia
  4. Fractured Ribs (Flail Chest)
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15
Q

What are the main treatment steps when addressing a trauma patient with respiratory distress/breathing abnormalities?

A
  1. Oxygen supplementation
  2. Cover open wounds into thorax
  3. Remove air/fluids from thoracic cavity
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16
Q

Clinical signs of cardiovascular abnormalities in trauma patients?

A
  1. Tachycardia
  2. Arrhythmia
  3. Weak Pulse
  4. Pale MM’s
  5. Prolonged CRT
  6. Cold extremities
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17
Q

2 most common causes of cardiovascular abnormalities in trauma patients?

A
  1. Hemorrhage
  2. Cardiac Contusions
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18
Q

What is the main treatment in trauma for hemorrhage?

A

Pressure bandage
Clamps/ligatures
Tourniquets

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19
Q

What is the treatment for a trauma patient in Hypovolemic shock?

A

IV Fluids

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20
Q

Common clinical signs for neurological abnromalities

A

Head tilt
Nystagmus
Abnormal pupil size
Different pupil sizes
Depression
Seizures
Unconsciousness
Abnormal pupil light reflex
Abnormal posture (hyperextended back limbs, paralysis, recumbency)

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21
Q

What drug is often used to reduce brain swelling after trauma?

A

Mannitol

22
Q

What treatment is needed for trauma patients with neurological abnormalities?

A
  1. Mannitol *brain swelling
  2. Glucocorticoids *Dexamethasone & Methaprednisolone
  3. Immobilize animal on flat board
23
Q

Most hematologic emergencies in small animals involve?

A

Excessive bleeding &/or anemia

24
Q

Petechiae

A

Pinpoint bruises that are broken capillaries
*often found on the gums, inguinal area, & white of eyes

25
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Internal bruising *A blood vessel is broken underneath the skin

26
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nose Bleeds

27
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the Urine

28
Q

Melena

A

Blood in stool originating from the small intestine
*This is digested blood which appears black & tarry

29
Q

Hematochezia

A

Blood in stool originating from the large intestine
*Looks like fresh blood in the stool

30
Q

Primary hemostasis abnormalities?

A
  1. Thrombocytopenia
  2. Thrombopathia
  3. Platelet deficiency or dysfunction
  4. Von Willebrand’s Factor (vWF) Deficiency
31
Q

Secondary Hemostasis Abnormalities

A
  1. Coagulation Factor Abnormalities
  2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
32
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Decreased platelet production
Increased platelet consumption
Increase platelet destruction
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT)

33
Q

Thrombopathia

A

Abnormality in platelet signal transduction resulting in decreased platelet function causing excessive bleeding
Inherited Disorder

34
Q

Von Willebrand’s Factor (vWF) Deficiency

A

A bleeding disorder caused by low levels of clotting proteins called Von Willebrand’s factor in the blood.

35
Q

What are common coagulation factor abnormalities?

A
  1. Hereditary
  2. Rodenticide toxicity
  3. Liver Disease
36
Q

What is the treatment for coagulation factor abnormalities?

A
  1. Vitamin K Supplementation
  2. Coagulation Factors administered
37
Q

What is the treatment for Von Willebrand’s Factor?

A

Cryoprecipitate in high Von Willebrand’s factor concentrations exceptionally preoperatively

38
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

Condition in which coagulation is increased
Clots form throughout circulatory system
Leads to hemorrhage due to consumption of coagulation factors & platelets

39
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is commonly caused by?

A

Typically caused by inflammatory mediators (cytokines) that cause tissue factor expression during the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
Massive tissue trauma
Ischemia
Shock
GDV
Heat Stroke
Crushing Injury
Pancreatitis
Sepsis
Systemic Neoplasia

40
Q

How to diagnose Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

Prolonged PT, aPTT, ACT, Low fibrinogen, increased FDP’s

41
Q

Treatment for Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A
  1. Fresh Frozen Plasma
  2. Heparin
42
Q

Anemia

A

A condition characterized by an abnormally low number of circulating red blood cells

43
Q

Anemia is commonly caused by

A

May result from:
-Increased red blood cell loss (hemorrhage)
-Increased red blood cells destruction (hemolysis)
Common in:
-Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
-Erythrocyte metabolism defect
-Toxins (Onions, Zinc)
-Decreased red blood cell production in bone marrow
-Infection
-Chronic renal failure
-Iron deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency

44
Q

Clinical Signs of anemia

A

Lethargy
Weakness
Pale mucous membranes
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Bounding pulses (Icterus)

45
Q

Diagnostic tests for anemia

A

PCV (Normal K9 37-54%, feline 30-47%)
RBC count (Normal K9 5.5-8.5 mil/µL, cat 6-10 mil/µL)
Reticulocyte count
Tests to diagnose causes of anemia
Platelet count, coagulation tests
Saline agglutination test, Coomb’s test, blood chemistry panel
Tick-transmitted disease blood panel (babesiosis, ehrlichiosis)

46
Q

Treatment of anemia

A

Stabilize critical patient w/ appropriate treatment
Control hemorrhage
Replace lost blood volume
Provide oxygen supplementation
Diagnose and treat primary cause of anemia
Administer blood transfusion if necessary

47
Q

Coagulation Cascade: Intrinsic Factor

A

Prothrombin
Fribrinogen

48
Q

Coagulation Cascade: Extrinsic Factor

A

Thrombin
Fibrin

49
Q

Fresh frozen plasma–

A

separated from blood cells within 6 hours and frozen, can be stored frozen for 12 months. Contains all coagulation factors and vWF

50
Q

Frozen plasma

A

separated from blood cells more than 6 hours after collection or from stored whole blood prior to its expiration date. It does not contain coagulation factors V, VIII, or vWF. Can be stored frozen for 5 years.

51
Q

A PCV/TS on the donor is checked before donation & should be .

A

> 35%

VT 260 ER & CC (3 decks)

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