2nd Midterm Ch 5-7

Question 1

1. Association effects

Answer 1

Qualities of one thing are inherently qualities of another, merely by an irrelevant association.
A).virtue by association
B). Guilt by association.

Question 2

Argument against the person

Answer 2

Attack the person supporting a cause rather than the cause itself.

• mudslinging
• name calling

Question 3

Appeal to pity

Answer 3

Support the position because it needs your help.

Question 4

Popularity (bandwagon)

Answer 4

1. Testimonials

2. Celebrity endorsements

Question 5

False dichotomy

Answer 5

The reader is asked to choose between two positions without allowing gray areas.
(America: love it or leave it.)

Question 6

Appeals to pride or snobbery.

Answer 6

Involve praise or flattery.

Because your worth it)(loreal

Question 7

Card stacking:

Answer 7

a propaganda technique that omits important information that might support an unfavored view
(Our car gets best mileage & costs less.)

Question 8

Circular reasoning

Answer 8

An argument structure in which the premise is a reinstatement of the conclusion.

Question 9

Irrelevant reasons

Answer 9

An argument in which the reason or premise is unrelated to the conclusion “we shouldn’t teach kids how to cook because they will become overweight”

Question 10

Part-whole fallacy

Answer 10

Used whenever a speaker/ writer assumes that whatever is true of the whole is also true of all the parts; and whatever is true of the parts is also true of the whole.

Question 11

Slippery slope

Answer 11

Counter argument for a conclusion in which the premise consists of the idea that because certain events lie along some continuum it is impossible to take an action without affecting all of the events on the continuum.

Question 12

Straw person

Answer 12

A type of propaganda technique in which an opponent to a conclusion distorts the argument that supports the conclusion by substituting a weaker argument.

Question 13

Appeals to ignorance

Answer 13

Does lack of information or proof mean that something does not exist?
Claiming that because there is no evidence for God he does or doesn’t exist.

Question 14

Incomplete comparisons

Answer 14

Using evaluative terms like better worse without indicating the two items that are being compared.
(It is better here)

Question 15

False cause

Answer 15

The argument that because two events occur close together in time, that one caused the other to occur.

Question 16

Appeal to tradition

Answer 16

The assumption is that what exists is best.

If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.

Question 17

Appeals to authority

Answer 17

Reliance on an inappropriate authority in formulating conclusions
-Saying that you got cancer from filling up a plastic water bottle.

Question 18

Weak & inappropriate analogies(recall good and bad similes and metaphors)

Answer 18

What’s the best deal about the early pioneers killing a few Indians in order to settle the west?

Question 19

Knowing the unknowable

Answer 19

A fallacy in which numbers are provided for events that cannot be quantified

Question 20

Put downs

Answer 20

Belittling an opposing view so that it would be difficult for a listener to agree with it.

You would be stupid not too.

Question 21

21.False charge of fallacy

Answer 21

Labeling something as a fallacy when it is not; not every idea is a fallacy even if we don’t agree with it

Question 22

Opinion

Answer 22

Is a simple assertion of a preference

Question 23

Reasoned judgement

Answer 23

Is a preference supported by reasons

Question 24

Facts

Answer 24

Have a verifiable truth value.

Question 25

What is fallacy

Answer 25

Unsound reasoning technique for the purpose of persuasion

• fallacies create weak arguments because at least one of the criteria for having a sound argument is not being met.
  1. Acceptable premises
  2. Premises support conclusion
  3. Missing info