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Poli 210 > 2nd mid term > Flashcards

2nd mid term Flashcards

1
Q

Can we observe both outcomes at the same time

A

No, it’s the fundamental problem of causal inference.

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2
Q

Reasons why experimental design is advantageous

A

-Time Order
-Other influences/factors can be excluded
-Random assignment prevents self-selection

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3
Q

Challenge of experimental design

A

external validity

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4
Q

How to address the causality issue in Observational studies

A

Using the experimental logic for observational studies and Quasi-experiments

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5
Q

How to address the causality issue in Experimental studies

A
  • Using a variety of experimental designs, not just
    classic experiments
  • Natural
    Experiments
  • Lab Experiments
  • Field
    Experiments
  • Survey
    Experiments
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6
Q

X 0 means

A

Post Test

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7
Q

X O O

A

Post test with control group: Compare two types of cases/groups of people

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8
Q

01 X 02

A

Pre and Post test: Compare a case to itself

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9
Q

01 02
X
01 02

A

Pre and post test design with a control group

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10
Q

X0 0
X3 0
X6 0
X9 0

A

Dosage Design: Compare cases of different manipulation strength

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11
Q

Most similar systems design

A

-Cases are as similar as possible
-Very common in regional studies
-Similarity of cases means we control
-If one factor is different between cases, and outcome is different, this is our probable cause for the outcome
-Selection of cases that take on similar values of confounding variables, but different values of a key independent variable

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12
Q

An example of most similar systems design

A

Why is Ghana more democratic than Togo

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13
Q

Most dissimilar system design

A

cases that differ on different values for independent variables but take on the same values for the dependant value which allows for the independent value to be disproven as a causal variable

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14
Q

Steps to test causality in observational studies

A
  1. Showing a correlation
  2. Excluding other factors
  3. Temporal Order
  4. Control group
  5. randomization of assignment or equivalent
  6. Need causal mechanism
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15
Q

Problems with the most similar design system

A

-The more complicated the operationalization the more difficult is the use of this approach
-Multiple causal factors and causal complexity are hard or impossible to determine.
-Cannot control for all variables
- Deterministic causality but reasoning should be probabilistic
-External validity is potentially low

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16
Q

What Natural experiment did john snow observe

A

Water contamination in london and association to cholera

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17
Q

Healy and Malhotra

A

having a sibling that is female and the ideological views of the subject natural experiment

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18
Q

Critique of natural experiments

A

-Might not always tackle the most important question
-data driven from theorizing

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19
Q

Threats to external validity for experimental designs

A

-Unrepresentative subjects or case
-Hawthorne effect
-Treatment is applied in a way we wouldn’t see in the real world

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20
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

People change their behavior because they are being observed (both internal and external).

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21
Q

Characteristics of Lab experiments

A

-Research in lab or controlled environment
-Researcher in full control
-Complete randomization into treatment and control groups
-Good for internal validity
-Often Cheaper, less time consuming and easier to replicate than field experiments

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22
Q

Lab experiment weaknesses

A
  • Artificial environment - low realism.
  • Demand characteristics - participants aware of experiment, may change behaviour to what they think is expected of them.
  • Experimenter effects - bias when experimenter’s expectations affect behaviour.
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22
Q

Field experiments characteristics

A
  • A field experiment takes place anywhere in a natural setting; it could take place in a school, hospital, the street or an office.
  • People may behave more naturally than in laboratory - higher realism.
  • Easier to generalise from results.
  • People often do not know they are
    being studied
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23
Q

Examples of Field experiments

A

Canvassing experiments Civic course experiments Vote Compass experiments Evaluating Programs/Policies

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24
Q

Field Experiments-Weaknesses

A
  • Often only weak control of
    competing variables
  • Difficult to replicate.
  • Can be time-consuming and costly.
  • Often involves some deception.
  • Does not use consent
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25
Q

Types of Case studies

A

-Descriptive
-Disciplined configurative
-Theory generating
-Theory Testing

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26
Q

casus meaning

A

occurrence but implies a problem

27
Q

Difference with poli sci case theory and other disciplines

A

in poli sci case study should engage in theory

28
Q

TEXTUAL ANALYSIS?

A

The systematic examination of the messages and meaning conveyed in text

29
Q

WHY ANALYZE TEXTS?

A

Because of what they reveal about ideas, goals, motivations, and activities of politicians, political organization, and institutions
Particularly important for the analysis of political speech

30
Q

WHAT CAN TEXTUAL AN ANALYSIS REVEAL?

A
  • Structural features(i.e.how the medium shapes the message)
  • Substantive features(how words, themes, ideas, symbols, frames, and other rhetorical devices convey particular meanings)
  • Manifest content (explicit meaning)
  • Latent content (implicit meaning)
31
Q

LIMITS TO QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES

A
  • Can leave “why” or “how” question unanswered
32
Q

QUALITATIVE APPROACHES TO
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

A

Inductive/interpretive
* Often starts from an observation rather than a theory

33
Q

LIMITS OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

A

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
IN-GROUP VS. OUT-GROUP DISCOURSE

34
Q

Document analysis

A

a process in which researchers collect and review existing written documents related to the topic and incorporates the info into the analysis.

35
Q

Discourse analysis

A

the study of how texts are used within their societal context and what they can reveal about the larger society

36
Q

Positives of Textual analysis

A

-Higher external validity since it is naturally occuring
-Non-reactive

37
Q

3 aspects that need to be specified for choosing a population textual evidence

A

-Unit of analysis
-Time frame
-Geography

38
Q

Is it important to be skeptic when performing textual analysis

A

YES

39
Q

Manifest Content

A

The explicit message being communicated by the text

40
Q

Latent Content

A

The underlying message beinng communicated

41
Q

How do researchers address the issue of not being able to access sources

A

They perform field research

42
Q

Content Analysis

A

the descriptive and objective analysis of texts

43
Q

When performing exploratory content analysis will researchers typically use an Inductive or Deductive approach?

A

Inductive

44
Q

What criteria of causality is difficulty to demonstrate in textual analysis

A

Non-confounding Variables

45
Q

What is an important thing to do prior to conducting qualitative research such as interviews

A

Background Research: helps make the subjects more comfortable and can allow for a smoother data collection process

46
Q

True or False: Qualitative research seeks to generalize its results

A

False

47
Q

What are some threats to information accuracy during interviews

A

-People lie to themselves
-Lie to the interviewer
-Mistaken recollection

48
Q

what is the immediate step after data collection in an interview

A

Producing a transcript

49
Q

What is the most common observation approach

A

Participant Observation

50
Q

Structured vs Unstructured observasion

A

quantitative vs Qualitative

51
Q

Observation schedule

A

Checklist for recording behaviour in ethnography

52
Q

single blind experiment

A

subjects are unaware what group they are part of

53
Q

double blind design

A

both subject and researcher do not know which subject is in what group

54
Q

within subject design

A

pre and post test are performed

55
Q

between subject design

A

subjects are randomly assigned to treatment/control group causality is observed by differences after post test

56
Q

stimulus

A

the treatment intervention in experiments

57
Q

factors

A

the parameters manipulated by the experiment

58
Q

factorial design

A

experiment where researcher manipulates two or more factors simultaneously

59
Q

levels

A

different possible settings for a factor

60
Q

threats to internal validity in an experiment

A

-Uncontrolled aspects in the environment
-Biased measurement tools
-Violations to the randomization procedure

61
Q

split ballot design

A

compared responses to only two

62
Q

CATI

A

Computer assisted telephone interview
- helps for surveys

63
Q

what is a quasi experiment

A
64
Q

Heteroskedacity

A

?

65
Q

Homoskedacity

A

?

66
Q
A

Poli 210 (2 decks)

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