2nd LE Flashcards
sana makapasa (pls)
1
Q
-part of sporophyte of vascular plants that appears above ground
A
shoot system
2
Q
-support for aerial parts
-transport of materials
A
stem
3
Q
-points where leaves and branches originate
A
node
4
Q
-segment between two nodes
A
internode
5
Q
-found in the apex of the stem
-responsible for increase in height of the plant
A
apical meristem
6
Q
the dome-shaped shoot apex is composed of _______
A
meristematic cells
7
Q
the apical meristem gives rise to the ________
A
primary meristems
8
Q
primary meristems
A
- protoderm
- ground meristem
- procambium
9
Q
responsible for primary growth and give rise to the primary tissues
A
primary meristems
10
Q
plant growth in which primary tissues are retained up to maturity
A
open or indeterminate
11
Q
increases the diameter of the plant body in gymnosperms and most dicots
A
activity of secondary/lateral meristems—vascular & cork cambium
12
Q
lateral meristems produce______ for the plant body
A
secondary tissues
13
Q
-growth exhibited by some monocots that have secondary growth
-they have no vascular cambium
A
anomalous secondary growth
14
Q
-stems that develop unusual characteristics
-performs function other than primary functions
A
modified stem
15
Q
Helianthus annuus
A
sunflower
16
Q
Tilia sp.
A
linden
17
Q
Zea mays
A
corn
18
Q
Plectranthus scutellarioides
A
mayana
19
Q
Allium cepa
A
onion
20
Q
Citrofortunella microcarpa
A
calamansi
21
Q
Coccinia grandis
A
tamlin
22
Q
Colocasia esculenta
A
gabi
23
Q
Cynodon dactylon
A
kawad-kawaran
24
Q
Dioscorea alata
A
ube
25
Eichornia crassipes
water hyacinth
26
Homalocladium platycladum
centipede plant
27
Solanum tuberosum
patatas
28
Zingiber officinale
luya
29
leaf clasping the stem
leaf sheath
30
-region right above the node
-consists actively dividing cells
intercalary meristem
31
Gliricidia sepium
Madre de Cacao
32
-whitish pores on the surface
-used for gas exchange
lenticels
33
-used for gas exchange in young stems
-located in the epidermis
stomata
34
-mark upon detachment of leaf
leaf scar
35
-outer layer of the apical meristem
-made up of one or more layers of cells that divide anticlinally
tunica
36
-just below the tunica
-made up of cells that divide in various planes
-adding volume to apical meristem
corpus
37
-ear-like structure that arises from the periphery of the shoot apical meristem
-created from the activity of tunica and corpus
leaf primordia
38
the outermost layer of shoot apex organization
protoderm
39
produces ground tissues in shoot apex organization
ground tissue
40
sandwiched between layers of ground mersitem
procambium
41
outermost layer in a dicot stem
epidermis
42
composed of several layers of cell after epidermis in a dicot stem
cortex
43
type of siphonostele exhibited by gymnosperms and dicot
eustele
44
found between primary xylem and primary phloem
fascicular cambium
45
found between two adjacent vascular bundles
interfascicular cambium
46
positioned next to the cortex
primary phloem
47
outermost layer made of suberized cork cells of a stem undergoing secondary growth
phellem
48
the layer next to phellem that arises from either epidermis or cortex
cork cambium/phellogen
49
in some plants, the cork cambium may produce one or two layers of cells, the inner layer becomes __________
phelloderm/cork parenchyma
50
phelloderm+phellogen
periderm
51
-dark region in the center
-composed of xylem that ceased to function due to water column breaks
heartwood
52
-lighter region near the bark
-has newer xylem elements
sapwood
53
-type of stele being exhibited by typical monocot stem
actostele
54
type of modified stem that consists of small stem tissue to which fleshy storage leaves are attached
bulb
55
type of modified stem globose stem tissue surrounded by few scale-like leaves
corm
56
type of modified stem; horizontal stem growing underground (aboveground in some ferns)
-has short internodes and scale-like leaves
Rhizome
57
type of modified stem; thick underground storage stem
usually has outer buds
lacks storage leaves and scales
tuber
58
type of modified stem that has longer internodes
grows aboveground
runner
59
type of modified stem; flattened stem resembling leaves
cladophyll
60
long and slender coiling branch usually found in vines having weak stems
Stem tendril
61
-shoot appendages of vascular plants
-typically green and flattened
-for photosynthesis and transpiration
leaves
62
-gives rise to the leaves
leaf primordia of the shoot apex
63
-leaf that has a single vein connected to the stem
-without leaf gap
-lycophytes
microphyllous
64
-leaf that has multiple veins and associated leaf gap
-ferns and seed-bearing plants
megaphyllous
65
-flat portion of the leaf
-increases surface area of the leaf to increase collection of light for photosynthesis
leaf blade or lamina
66
the end of the lamina farthest from its point of attachment is the _______ while the opposite end is the _______
apex; base
67
-the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf are morphologically different
bifacial or dorsiventral
68
-the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf are morphologically similar
unifacial or isobilateral
69
-the central vein of the leaf
midrib
70
-attaches the leaf to the stem
-stem-like structure
petiole
71
-leaves that have petiole
petiolate
72
-leaves that do not have petiole
sessile
73
-a pair of leaf-like appendages at the base of the leaf
stipules
74
-leaves that have stipule
stipulate
75
-leaves that do not have stipule
exstipulate
76
-outgrowths at the junction of the leaf sheath with the lamina
-protects the inner leaf sheaths from water, dust, pores
ligules
77
-pattern of veins in a leaf
venation
78
-type of venation
-primary or secondary veins are more or less parallel to one another
parallel
79
-type of venation
-ultimate veinlets form a net-like pattern
-secondary veins arise along the length of the midrib
pinnately netted
80
-type of venation
-at least three primary veins arise from a common point at the base of the lamina
palmately netted
81
-refers to the two-dimensional shape of the lamina
overall shape
82
-margin of leaf that has no teeth
entire
83
-leaf composition
-the lamina is not divided into more than one blade
simple
84
-leaf composition
-lamina is divided into more than one blade
-composed of leaflets which may or may not have petiolule
compound
85
stipules counterpart for compound leaf
stipels
86
-type of compound leaf
-three leaflets attached to a common point
trifoliate
87
-type of compound leaf
-four or more leaflets attached to a common point
palmate
88
-type of compound leaf
-leaflets arranged along a central axis called the rachis
pinnate
89
-type of compound leaf
-pinnately compound leaf with two orders of axes
bipinnate
90
-type of compound leaf
-pinnately compound leaf with three or more orders of axes
polypinnate
91
-type of phyllotaxy
-only one leaf in each node
alternate
92
-type of phyllotaxy
-two leaves in each node
opposite
93
-type of phyllotaxy
-three or more leaves in a single node
whorled
94
-type of phyllotaxy
-each leaf with adjacent leaf slightly rotated from the node
spiral
95
-type of phyllotaxy
-each leaf parallel to the next leaf
distichous
96
-type of phyllotaxy
-each leaf pair perpendicular to the next pair
decussate
97
-type of phyllotaxy
-each leaf pair parallel to the next pair
non-decussate
98
-leaf different from main photosynthetic leaves and often associated with
flowers or inflorescences
Bract
99
-scale-like storage leaf attached to bulb
Bulb scale
100
-sharp-pointed leaf or leaf part
Spine
101
-enlarged and buoyant petiole
Swollen petiole
102
-small leaf forming a tight layer around stem tip
Bud scale
103
-coiled and twining leaf or leaf part
Leaf tendril
104
-leaf shaped like a container
Pitcher leaf
105
-structure formed by overlapping leaf bases
Pseudostem
106
-thick and fleshy leaf with low surface-to-volume ratio
Succulent leaf
107
-collective term for sepals of a flower
calyx
108
-collective term for petals
corolla
109
petals that are free from one another
polypetalous
110
petals that exhibit fusion or union
gamopetalous
111
regular flowers that exhibit radial symmetry
actinomorphic
112
irregular flowers that show bilateral symmetry
zygomorphic
113
Calyx + Corolla
perianth
114
-when sepals and petals are not well-differentiated from one another and look alike
-usually petaloid
tepals
115
filament + anther
stamen
116
houses pollen grains
anther
117
collective term for stamens
androecium
118
reduced stem axis to which the whorls are attached
receptacle
119
all whorls (sepals, petals, stamen, pistil) are present
complete
120
any of the whorls (sepal, petal, stamen, pistil) is missing
incomplete
121
flower that has both pistil and stamen
perfect flower
122
any of pistil or stamen is missing
imperfect flower
123
- a male flower
-pistil is missing
staminate flower
124
-a female flower
-stamen is missing
pistillate
125
-a plant with imperfect flowers
-staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on separate individuals
dioecious
126
-a plant with imperfect flowers
-pistillate and staminate flowers are borne on the same individual
monoecious
127
individual sessile flowers are attached to the main axis
spike
127
flowers born in clusters
inflorescence
128
pendulous inflorescence made of sessile, unisexual flowers
catkin
129
-inflorescence made up of a thickened fleshy axis bearing clusters of sessile flowers (spike) that are apetalous and unisexual.
-the thickened axis is enclosed by a spathe
spadix
130
-has individual pedicellate flower attached on an elongated axis
raceme
131
-a raceme that is branched
panicle
132
-pedicels arise from a common point; giving a flat-topped appearance of the whole inflorescence
umbel
133
-a flat or round-topped inflorescence formed by lateral , stalked flowers with progressively shorter stalks
-outer adult flowers
-inner young flowers
corymb
134
-pedicels arise at different points
-inner mature flowers
-outer young flowers
cyme
135
the periphery look like petals that serve to attract pollinators.
ray florets
136
in the center function in pollination and seed production
disk florets
137
aids in seed dispersal of head inflorescence
pappus
138
-heterotrophic multicellular stage of the sporophyte generation of plants.
-becomes a seed
embryo
139
-the ripened ovary functioning for protecting and dispersing seeds.
-consists of a fruit wall enclosing the seeds and a fruit stalk.
fruit
140
-fruit that develops without fertilization
parthenocarpy
141
Principal dispersing agents
1. gravity
2. wind
3. water
4. animals
142
From the time it can carry on an existence independent of the stored food reserves in the seed, the plant is referred to as a________
seedling
143
-the sequential steps involved in the transformation of the zygote (fertilized egg) or some other rudiments into a mature, functional individual.
development
144
Abelmoschus esculentus
okra
145
Ananas comosus
pineapple
146
Annona squamosa
sweetstop
147
Arachis hypogea
peanut
148
Cocos nucifera
coconut
149
Cucumis sativus
cucumber
150
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato
151
Malus domestica
apple
152
Tridax procumbens
wild dandelion
153
Vigna radiata
mungbean
154
-fruit wall derived from the ovary alone
pericarp
155
3 layers of pericarp
1. exocarp
2. mesocarp
3. endocarp
156
Fruits derived from a single ovary with one to many ovules
simple fruits
157
derived from several ovaries from a single flower
aggregate fruits
158
derived from several ovaries from an inflorescence
multiple fruits
159
compound fruits
aggregate fruits
multiple fruits
160
A fruit that has a thick soft succulent or fibrous fruit wall
fleshy
161
fruits that typically have thin papery or dry fruit walls.
dry
162
fruit that may split open in various sites of dehiscence
dehiscent dry fruits
163
fruit wall remains closed
indehiscent
164
-fleshy fruit
-pericarp soft
-pepo
-hesperidium
Berry
165
-fleshy fruit
-exocarp tough
-inner pericarp not differentiated
-cucumber
pepo
166
-fleshy fruit
-exocarp leathery
-lemon
hesperidium
167
-fleshy fruit
-exocarp and mesocarp soft
-endocarp papery or leathery
-apple
pome
168
-fleshy fruit
-exocarp and mesocarp soft
-endocarp hard
-coconut
drupe
169
-Dry Dehiscent
- develops from a single carpel
- fruit breaks open along two sides
-Arachis hypogea
legume
170
-Dry Dehiscent
-develops from a single carpel
-fruit breaks open along only one side
-columbine
follicle
171
-Dry Dehiscent
-develops from a compound gynoecium
-fruit breaks into individual carpels called mericarps
-spurge
schizocarp
172
-Dry Dehiscent
-develops from a compound gynoecium
-fruit opens either along or between lines of fusion, into top and bottom half, or by small pores
-Abelmuchous esculentus
capsule
173
-Dry indehiscent
-one-seeded; seed coat
-pericarp fused upon maturation
-Zea mays
Grain/Caryopsis
174
-Dry indehiscent
-one-seeded pericarp
- thin and papery (e.g., sunflower)
-in some cases specialized into cypsela with parachute-like appendages (e.g., wild daisy)
Achene
175
-Dry indehiscent
-one-seeded; with wing-like appendage
Samara
176
-dry indehiscent
-flower with several carpels and ovules with only one maturing into seed;
-entire pericarp hard (e.g., acorn)
nut
177
-edible part of apple
-not part of pericarp
hypanthium
178
subfamily and family of apple
Maloideae
Rosaceae
179
-protective covering of bean
seed coat/testa
180
-marks the point of attachment of the seed to the funiculus.
-conspicuous scar on the seed coat
hilum
181
-a small opening at one end of the hilum.
micropyle
182
-at the other end of the hilum, i.e. opposite the micropyle, there is a ridge-like structure
raphe
183
the shoot axis of mature bean seed
plumule
184
the embryonic root of mature bean seed
radicle
185
parts below cotyledons
hypocotyl
186
parts above cotyledon
epicotyl
187
outer layer of corn endosperm
aleurone layer
188
inner cell of corn endosperm
starchy endosperm
189
located between endosperm and embryo
scutellum
190
seed germination where cotyledons are above ground
epigeal
191
seed germination where cotyledon are below ground
hypogeal
192
division of bryophytes
Marchantiophyta
Anthocerophyta
Bryophyta
193
-thrive in moist places
-attached to rocks, abandoned concrete walls, decomposing logs, tree barks
bryophyte
194
tracheophytes that produce spores
pteridophytes
195
tracheophytes that enclose their embryos in a seed
spermatophytes
196
spermatophyte
gymnosperms and angiosperms
