2nd half

Question 1

What are the Research Methods and Limitation of Sex research?

Answer 1

volunteer bias, natural setting, funding, researcher bias (not many researchers interested, may be influenced by worldviews)

Question 2

What is the first phase of sexual response?

Answer 2

Excitement phase:
Increased heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, muscle tension
Male penis engorged with blood- becomes erect

Question 3

What is the second phase of sexual response?

Answer 3

Plateau phase
Arousal is maintained for several minutes
Testes rise in scrotum in preparation for ejaculation
Vaginal lubrication increases

Question 4

What is the third phase of sexual response?

Answer 4

Orgasm

Rhythmic contractions in penis accompanied by ejaculation of seminal fluid containing sperm

Question 5

What is the fourth phase of sexual response?

Answer 5

Resolution

Arousal decreases, return to previous state

Question 6

Visual stimulation

Answer 6

Males more responsive than females
And more dopamine activation
Unique activation of amygdala

Question 7

Tactile stimulation- erogenous zones, dopamine

Answer 7

Some receptors activate more dopamine than other types (erogenous zones)
Hormone levels as a moderator
Mouth, anus, genitals

Question 8

Role of autonomic regulation in human sexual behavior

Answer 8

Parasympathetic- arousal and erection
Sympathetic- ejaculation
Too rapid transition (more common in males)- premature ejaculation
Failure of transition (more common in female)- inability to reach orgasm

Question 9

What is the Role of mesolimbic system in sex?

Answer 9

VTA- dopamine- Nucleus Accumbens
Or anticipation of pleasure?
Drugs that increase dopamine also increase sexual behavior

Question 10

What is the Role of D1 receptors in sex?

Answer 10

Parasympathetic activation
Erection, arousal
Linked to faithfulness/maintenance of attachment

Question 11

What is the Role of D2 receptors in sex?

Answer 11

Sympathetic activation
Ejaculation
Linked to pair bonding/formation of attachment

Question 12

Activity of neocortex in orgasm

Answer 12

Neocortex deactivation
Feelings of release
Changes in self-awareness
Altered appreciation of space and time

Question 13

What is the role of oxytocin during sex?

Answer 13

Increased after orgasm
Feelings of calmness and well-being; Acts as neurotransmitter
Formation of attachment/pair-bond
During sex- formation of attachment
If you introduce nasal oxytocin, people become more trusting
Majority has to do with nursing
Monogamous sexual attachment an evolution of the biology of mother-offspring attachment?

Question 14

What is the role of vasopressin during sex?

Answer 14

Male oxytocin- formation of pair-bond
The more, the faster
Vasopressin stimulates dopamine neurons
Making monogamy more likely
Genetic variation
Variations in autism

Question 15

What are olfactory detection and pheromones

Answer 15

Humans can detect 10,000 odors via different combinations of active neurons in olfactory lobe
Pheromones- breakdown products of hormones

Question 16

What is a Coup-Contrecoup injury

Answer 16

Brain injury that occurs at the site of impact and the opposite side

Question 17

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Answer 17

progressive degenerative disease which afflicts the brain of people who have suffered repeated concussions and traumatic brain injuries,

Question 18

Axonal injury

Answer 18

the shearing of axons leading to blacking out or coma

Question 19

BIPOLAR Monoamine hypothesis

Answer 19

Now know serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are all involved (monoamines)
Deficiency = depression
Excess = mania
Evidence lacking for monoamines themselves, focus has shifted to their receptors

Question 20

BIPOLAR and serotonin

Answer 20

Present in many tissues
Plays important role in transmission of other neurochemicals (the catecholamines)
Switches affecting various mood-states- regulation of mood
Role in sleep, eating, arousal
Regulation of pain
Ascending projections regulate mood, anxiety, sleep
Descending projections regulate pain

Question 21

BIPOLAR and norepinephrine

Answer 21

“Noradrenergic”
Synthesized from dopamine
Increases arousal, vigilance
Influences reward system
Ascending projections regulate mood, arousal, cognition
Descending projections regulate pain

Question 22

BIPOLAR and hypothetical structures in mania

Answer 22

PFC- racing thoughts, grandiosity, distractibility, talkative/pressured, speech; (ACC?): risks, grandiosity, talkative/pressured speech, racing thoughts; mood
NAcc- racing thoughts, goal-directed, grandiosity
Striatum- motor/agitation
Thalamus- decreased sleep/arousal
Hypothalamus- decreased sleep/arousal
Amygdala- mood
Basal Forebrain- decreased sleep/arousal

Question 23

BIPOLAR

hypothetical structures in depression

Answer 23

PFC- (DLCC): concentration, interest/pleasure; (MedCC): psychomotor fatigue; (ACC?): guilt, suicidality, worthlessness; mood
NA- pleasure, interests, fatigue/energy
S- psychomotor, fatigue (physical)
Hy- sleep/appetite
A- guilt, suicidality, worthlessness, mood

Question 24

BIPOLAR

Extrapyramidal side effects

Answer 24

drowsiness
tremors in your hands
dry mouth, increased thirst or urination
nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomach pain
changes in your skin or hair
cold feeling or discoloration in your fingers or toes
feeling uneasy
impotence, loss of interest in sex