2ND Exam

Question 1

are polymers, just like carbohydrates, and lipids. the building blocks of proteins are called_____

Answer 1

amino acids

Question 2

DNA is a _____acid. a olymer of units called____

Answer 2

nucleic acid, nucleotides

Question 3

the particular sequence of _______ determines the sequence of ________

Answer 3

nucleotides, amino acids in a protein

Question 4

sequence of a chain of amino acids

Answer 4

primary structure

Question 5

hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

Answer 5

secondary protein structure

Question 6

Three dimensionial folding pattern of a protein of a protein due to side chains structures

Answer 6

Tertiary protein structure

Question 7

Protein consisting of more than one amino acid

Answer 7

Quaternary protein structure

Question 8

Is another nucleic acid. a close molecular cousin to DNA, used in the process of making proteins

Answer 8

RNA

Question 9

Proteins are made in a 2 step process

Answer 9

DNA is transcribed to RNA
RNA is translated into protein

Question 10

DNA molecules in cells are called

Answer 10

chromosomes

Question 11

The specific region in a DNA molecule that encodes a protein is called

Answer 11

gene

Question 12

Each chromosome contains

Answer 12

a thousands of genes

Question 13

DNA and RNA are polymers of small subunits called ____

Answer 13

nucleotides

Question 14

there are 4 different nucleotides in DNA. 4 DNA bases

Answer 14

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Question 15

what do cells have in common

Answer 15

1. plasma/cell membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. DNA
4. ribosomes

Question 16

an outer covering that seperates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment

Answer 16

plasma/cell membrane

Question 17

consisting of jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found

Answer 17

cytoplasm

Question 18

the genetic material of the cell

Answer 18

DNA

Question 19

particles that synthesize proteins. However, prokaryotes differ from eukaryotic cells in several ways.

Answer 19

ribosomes

Question 20

2 types of cells in living things

Answer 20

eukaryotic
prokaryotic

Question 21

All the unicellular organisms of bacteria and archaea are considered

Answer 21

prokaryotic

Question 22

what do proteins do

Answer 22

serves as channels/pores.
serves as transporters
receptor proteins
enzymes

Question 23

proteins that help keep adjacent cells together. sometimes called adhesion proteins

Answer 23

Junction proteins

Question 24

having the same water concentration as the cell

Answer 24

isotonic

Question 25

the solution having a higher water concentration than the cell

Answer 25

hypotonic

Question 26

the solution having a lower concentration than a cell

Answer 26

hypertonic

Question 27

a major component of the cytoskeleton

Answer 27

actin

Question 28

effects of osmosis in cells No net gain or loss of water Concentration of water same on both sides of the membrane 0.9% saline isotonic to red blood cells

Answer 28

isotonic solution

Question 29

Concentration of water outside cell greater than inside cell Cell gains water Animal cells may lyse or burst Plant cells use this to remain turgid—In your carrots—the cell wall didn’t allow much change in the length!

Answer 29

hypotonic solution

Question 30

Concentration of water outside cell less than inside cell Cell loses water Animal cells shrink Plant cells undergo plasmolysis and may wilt.

Answer 30

hypertonic solution

Question 31

is used throughout the cell to make compartments and structures

Answer 31

plasma membrane design

Question 32

In eukaryotik cells, the DNA is contained in a nucleus created by the _______

Answer 32

nuclear membrane=nuclear envelope

Question 33

the membrane sort of extends beyond the nucleus in layers called the ______

Answer 33

endomembrane system

Question 34

DNA + associated proteins = _________ refers to the DNA molecules (chromosomes) and their associated organizing proteins, mostly proteins called ________

Answer 34

chromatin histone proteins

Question 35

looks like a dark blob in the center of nucleus

Answer 35

nucleolus

Question 36

physically continous with the nuclear membrane system of membranous channels and flattened vesicles

Answer 36

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 37

two types of ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

Answer 37

Rough smooth

Question 38

studded with ribosomes and involved in protein symbols

Answer 38

rough

Question 39

lacking ribosomes and involved in lipid synthesis

Answer 39

smooth

Question 40

serves as a final packaging and modification loaction for substances heading for the plasma mebrane

Answer 40

golgi apparatus

Question 41

special vesicles of golgi. contain digestive enzymes can fuse with other vesicles and degrade the contents of the vesicle important in digesting debris gobbled up by the cell from the outside or worn out cell parts from within

Answer 41

Lysosomes

Question 42

larger than vesicles, also membrane bound found in plants, one celled protists, less often/smaller in animal cells serves various roles in different cells: storage and digestion

Answer 42

vacuoles

Question 43

found in plants and algae. site of (photosynthesis) carbohydrate production using solar energy. Organelle of photosynthesis

Answer 43

chloroplasts

Question 44

found in eukaryotic cells. site of the breakdown of carbohydrates to drive the synthesis of useful energy for the cell ATP. organelle of respiration

Answer 44

mitochondria

Question 45

one of the pivotal theories in biology, with no evidence to reject it after numerous observations

Answer 45

endosybiotic theory

Question 46

some cells (both eukaryotic and prokaryotik) have a tail-like appendage that moves in a whipping motion to move that paricular cell

Answer 46

flagella

Question 47

hair-like structures that serve to move other cells or substances across the surface of the cell

Answer 47

cilia

Question 48

plant tissues show cool connections betwen cells that actually connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells called __________

Answer 48

plasmodesmata

Question 49

in animal cells, some tissues act as barriers to intruders (like bacteria, fungi, parasites) by forming ________

Answer 49

tight junctions

Question 50

breaking down molecules of stored energy to produce a readily useful form of enrgy is known as ___________

Answer 50

catabolism

Question 51

are needed to break chemical bonds

Answer 51

enzymes

Question 52

enzymes are proteins that help chemical reactions occur at lower temperatures with less "starting energy'' called _________

Answer 52

activation energy

Question 53

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing and permanent chemical change

Answer 53

catalysts

Question 54

stored energy

Answer 54

potential energy

Question 55

energy of motion

Answer 55

kinetic energy

Question 56

energy to move things

Answer 56

mechanical energy

Question 57

energy from breaking down large molecules

Answer 57

chemical energy

Question 58

capacity to do work. measured in different ways

Answer 58

energy

Question 59

chemists use units of______

Answer 59

joules

Question 60

general public thinks of energy in the food they eat--different unit =_________ is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one mililiter of water one degree celsius

Answer 60

calorie

Question 61

hairlike bristles that allows adhesion to surfaces

Answer 61

fimbriae

Question 62

elongated, hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells

Answer 62

conjugation pilus

Question 63

rotating filament that propels the cell

Answer 63

flagellum

Question 64

hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces

Answer 64

fimbriae

Question 65

gel-like coating outside the cell wall

Answer 65

capsule

Question 66

location of bacterial chromosome

Answer 66

nucleoid

Question 67

site of protein synthesis

Answer 67

ribosome

Question 68

sheet that surrounds the cytoplasm and regulates entrance and exit of molecules

Answer 68

plasma membrane

Question 69

structure that provides support and shapes of the cell

Answer 69

cell wall

Question 70

semifluid solution surrounded by the plasma membrane. contains nuceoid and ribosomes

Answer 70

cytoplasm