2nd exam Flashcards
Where is the TCA cycle located in?
Mitochondria
Glycolysis has 2 phases and 4 stages. Which of the following is FALSE regarding glycolysis?
A. Input of 1 molecule of glucose and output of 2 molecules of pyruvate.
B. 1 cycle produces 10 ATPs
B. 1 cycle produces 10 ATP’s
Glycolysis is regulated through which of the following?
A. Product inhibition
B. Allosteric control
C. Covalent modulation
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following items is true?
A. Fat is converted to glucose
B. Conversion of glucose to pyruvate requires a high amount of energy and is expensive.
C. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are both regulated at the same time
D. In the Glucose-alanine cycle, alanine is used as a substrate in glycolysis.
B. Conversion of glucose to pyruvate requires a high amount of energy and is expensive.
What are the transamination partners of the following amino acids?
Glutamate
α-ketoglutarate
What are the transamination partners of the following amino acids?
Aspartate
oxaloacetate
What are the transamination partners of the following amino acids?
Alanine
pyruvate
Which of the following statements on regulation of gluconeogenesis is false?
A. Insulin turns on gluconeogenesis
B. Glucagon turns on gluconeogenesis
C. Acetyl CoA turns on gluconeogenesis
D. Phosphorylation turns on gluconeogenesis
A. Insulin turns on gluconeogenesis
*it turns on glycolysis
Fructose-6-Phosphate → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
enzyme?
phosphofructokinae (PFK)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate –> Fructose-6-Phosphate
enzyme?
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate
enzyme?
pyruvate kinase
What happens to Virgin Coconut Oil (medium chain fatty acid) during digestion?
A. it gets readily absorbed in the body
B. it is transported in the body by albumin
C. it is brought to the liver via the portal vein where it will be oxidized
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following lipoprotein particles contains the greatest amount of lipids as percentage of weight?
A. Chylomicrons
B. VLDL
C. LDL
D. HDLA. Chylomicrons
Which apoprotein is LDL’s marker?
B100
Reverse cholesterol transport is catalyzed by LCAT. What apoprotein serves as cofactor for this enzyme?
Apo A1
The apoprotein with the highest affinity to LDL receptors is?
Apoprotein B100
Before fatty acids can be used to generate energy, they need to pass through the cytoplasm and into the mitochondria. The regulatory step in fatty acid activation and transport that leads to beta oxidation is the esterification of fatty acid to coenzyme A. Which of the following is the very important enzyme involved in this step?
A. Acyl CoA Synthetase
B. Carnitine Acyltransferase I
C. Carnitine Acylcarnitine Translocase
D. Carnitine Acyltransferase II
Acyl CoA synthetase
What is the net ATP produced through beta oxidation from a 12-carbon saturated fatty acid?
A. 78
B. 80
C. 98
D. 108
(n-1)*14+10-2 = Total ATP
(6-1)*14+10-2 = 78 ATP
The synthesis of fatty acids in our bodies requires the initial carboxylation of acetyl CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase. Which of the following is a source of acetyl CoA for this purpose?
A. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate from glucose
B. Oxidative degradation of some proteins
C. Beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids
D. All of the above
All of the above :)
Which of the following sources contributes the greatest to the cholesterol levels in the body?
A. Dietary sources
B. De novo synthesis in the liver
C. Extrahepatic tissues
D. Lipoprotein catabolism
De novo synthesis
What is a major point of regulation for the synthesis of cholesterol?
A. HMG - CoA Synthase
B. HMG - CoA Reductase
C. HMG- CoA Lyase
HMG-CoA reductase
A high carbohydrate diet is associated with elevated triglycerides in blood. This is because glycerol is produced from the breakdown intermediate of glucose hydrolysis. Which intermediate is converted to glycerol?
A. Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
B. G3P
C. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
D. Pyruvate
C. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Don’t be confused:
DHAP glycerALDEHYDE-3-phosphate in GLYCOLYSIS
DHAP -> glycerOL-3-phosphate in TAG synthesis
Which of the following is a derivative of cholesterol?
A. Hormones
B. Bile salts
C. Vitamin D
All of the above daw :)
Which among the following about protein and amino acid metabolism is NOT CORRECT?
A. There is a small pool of amino acids that is readily available for the body.
B. Amino acids are used for the synthesis of other nitrogenous compounds.
C. The primary function of serum albumin is the storage of proteins.
D. Amino acids are continuously lost via nitrogenous wastes despite protein uptake.
C. The primary function of serum albumin is the storage of proteins.
Serum albumin functions as carrier protein for steroids, fatty acids, and thyroid hormones.
Which of the following are the sources of two nitrogen that are incorporated in the urea during the urea cycle?
A. Glutamine and glutamate
B. Ammonia and arginine
C. Fumarate and aspartate
D. Aspartate and ammonia
aspartate + ammonia
A patient is brought to the hospital in a comatose state. The family says that he was behaving in an irrational way prior to losing consciousness. You know that he is a chronic alcoholic but you can smell ammonia, not alcohol, in his breath. Which of the following will most likely explain the mental disturbance and coma?
A. Increased urea levels in blood due to liver disease
B. Increased serum pH due to NH4 OH formation from NH3
C. Increased levels in brain of glutamate, which is a toxic compound
D. Lowered ATP in the brain due to depletion of alpha-ketoglutarate and impaired TCA function
D. Lowered ATP in the brain due to depletion of alpha-ketoglutarate and impaired TCA function
Why must an essential amino acid be provided in thy diet?
Because thou cannot synthesize it in thy body.
B12 deficiency
A. decrease concentration of N5-methylfolate B. increase serum homocysteine C. increase production of SAM D. decrease production of folate
B. increase serum homocysteine
What should be provided in the diet of patients suffering from phenylketonuria?
A. phenylalanine B. tyrosine C. phenylalanine and tyrosine D. all essential amino acids
tyrosine
because phenylalanine -> tyrosine
What amino acid is the precursor for NAD?
A. Lysine B.Tryptophan C. Phenylalamine D. Methathionine E. Arginine
tryptophan
. Which of the following increases your basal metabolic rate?
A. epinephrine
B. insulin
C. thyroxine
D. dopamine
thyroxine
Which of the following will explain why creatine levels in blood and urine is a kidney function test?
A. Because it is a storage form of high energy
B. Because it is a measure of muscle mass
C. Because it is produced at a constant rate
D. Because it is a precursor of phosphocreatine
C. Because it is produced at a constant rate
Which is directly related to one’s basal metabolism?
A. Total body mass B. Lean body mass
B. Lean body mass
Which of the following statements best describes why dietary proteins is essential to man?
A. High biological value protein is the essential source of energy needed for human body protein synthesis
B. High biological value protein is the source of essential amino acids needed for the human body protein synthesis.
C. High biological value proteins are less digestible but good source of amino acids for ATP production.
D. All of the above
B. High biological value protein is the source of essential amino acids needed for the human body protein synthesis.
What food should you eat if you want to decrease your cholesterol levels?
A. Cassava B. Oat bran C. White rice D. Bread
B. Oat bran
dahil sosyal :) joke
True about dietary fibers?
A. Digested similar to complex carbohydrates B. Increases triglycerides C. Decreases stool bulk D. Increases rate of transit of chyme
D. Increases rate of transit of chyme
or is it chyle? :(
Which is true about Kwashiorkor?
A. Grossly underweight (<70% below normal) B. Edema C. Loss of pigmentation in hair and skin D. Hypoalbuminemia
All of the above :)
Differentiate kwashiorkor from marasmus.
Marasmus - dry form, deficiency of protein AND calories
Kwashiorkor - wet form, deficiency of protein BUT calories are adequate
Optimal proportion of carbs, fats and proteins in the diet
The optimal proportion is 55-70% Carbohydrates, 20-30% Fats, and 10-15% Protein
Glycemic index is a measure of blood glucose levels in response to food with respect to a standard food while the glycemic load is the glycemic index times the carbohydrate concentration of a food.
TRUE.
hehehehe :P
Which has the highest glycemic index?
A. Spaghetti pasta
B. White bread
C. Plain rice
D. Rice with MCFA
E. Rice with PUFA
white bread
Which of the following biochemical measures of nutritional status depicts overnutrition?
A. Hemoglobin and transferin B. Serum albumin C. Serum LDL D. Serum prealbumin
Serum LDL
Deficiency of which of the following can result in anemia?
A. Folic Acid B. Vitamin B12 C. Vitamin C D. Vitamin E
Deficiency of folic acid and vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) causes megaloblastic anemia (small number of large blood cells)
Vitamin C is generally associated with this chemical reaction
A. Carboxylation
B. Dehydrogenation
C. Hydroxylation
D. One methyl transfer
E. Transamination
Hydroxylation
What can cure megaloblastic anemia caused by B12 deficiency?
A. Folic Acid B. Thiamin C. Riboflavin D. Vitamin B6
folic acid
Vitamin D deficiency in children
Ricketz
Vitamin D deficiency in adults
Osteomalacia
is metabolism regulated?
A. Our body should eliminate energy stores that are not needed.
B. Our energy source has a different distribution compared to our energy stores.
C. For efficiency since energy use is not equal to source
D. We need to store energy only when our body needs it.
Our energy source has a different distribution compared to our energy stores.
Why is phosphorylation of Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate important?
It helps keep glucose inside of the cell
What best describes gluconeogenesis?
A. Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway which breaks down amino acid and turns it into glucose.
B. Gluconeogenesis converts fatty acids into glucose.
C. Insulin promotes gluconeogenesis.
D. Glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis.
Glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis.
What is weird about GLUT 4?
is the only insulin-dependent glucose transporter
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is formed by the action of the Enzyme II. Phosphorylation of this enzyme:
A. leads to an increase in F26bP concentration
B. leads to a decrease in F-2,6-BP concentration
C. takes place in the mitochondrion
D. is catalyzed by phosphofructokinase
leads to a decrease in F-2,6-BP concentration
Which of the following best describes the regulation of Enzyme II?
A. Glucagon promotes phosphorylation of Enzyme II.
B. Insulin promotes the phosphorylation of Enzyme II.
C. An enzyme specific protein phosphatase mediates the effect of these two hormones.
D. Calcium is an important secondary messenger for this process
Glucagon promotes phosphorylation of Enzyme II.
Which of the following statements best describes the conversion of PEP to pyruvate?
A. The conversion of PEP to pyruvate involves a large negative free energy change.
B. The conversion of PEP to pyruvate consumes one ATP.
C. The conversion of PEP to pyruvate occurs inside the mitochondrion.
D. The conversion of PEP to pyruvate results in formation of NADH2.
A. The conversion of PEP to pyruvate involves a large negative free energy change.
Which of the following is active when phosphorylated?
A. Glycogen Synthetase
B. Pyruvate Kinase
C. Glycogen Phosphorylase
D. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Metabolic pathways must be regulated in a way that prevents futile cycles and wasting of energy like in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis (glycogen sythase) and breakdown (glycogen phosphorylase) need to be regulated in a consistent manner.
Which of the following statements best describe how this is achieved on glycogen metabolism?
A. glycogen promotes phosphorylation
B. glucagon inhibits
C. Insulin promotes phosphorylation of synthethase and phosphorylase
D. Insulin inhbits phosphorylation
A. glycogen promotes phosphorylation
Amplification works in metabolic regulation by
A. Allowing a small amount of signal molecule to cause an increased intracellular transduction
B. Stimulating a signal at a long distance
C. An increase in the amount of ligand molecules
D. An increase in the amount of receptor molecules
A. Allowing a small amount of signal molecule to cause an increased intracellular transduction
