2nd Chapter Flashcards
Prehistory
Monumental architecture
- County
- Sites
- Priestly caste
Wiltshire
Silbury Hill, Stonehenge
Druids
Prehistory
Stonehenge
- Location
- Purpose
- References in literature
Salisbury Plain
Astronomical clock
Used by Druids for ceremonies marking the passing of the seasons
Thomas Hardy’s novels - Tess of the D’Urbervilles
The Roman period
- Province
- Its extent
- Capital
- Approach to Celts
- Resistance leader
Britannia
Most of present-day England and Wales
Londinium
Romans made us of the existing Celtic aristocracy to govern
Queen Boudicca
The Roman period
Scotland
- tribes
- Roman defences
Scotlands and Picts
Hadrian’s Wall
The Roman period
- Conquered and unconquered Celts
- Two branches of Celtic languages
Conquered - Britons - England and Wales
Unconquered - Gaels - Ireland and Scotland
Some of them experienced Roman rule, others did not, because of this, two distinct branches of the Celtic group of languages exist
The Roman period
Roman legacy
Place names and their etymology
Almost everything was destroyed shortly after the Romans left
Chester, Lancaster, Gloucester
Latin word castra (a military camp)
The Germanic invasions
Main tribes
Origin
Religion
Resistance leader
- legend and historical paradoxes
Angles and Saxons
European mainland
Pagan
Legend is, that he was a great English hero, perfect example of nobility and chivalry
Historical paradox is, that he was a Romanized Celt, holding back the Anglo-Saxons - the people who became “the English”
The Germanic invasions
Christianization
- sources
- types
- differences
- representatives
Ireland
Roman Christianity
Celtic Christianity
- Celtic Christianity was less centrally organized and less need for a strong monarchy to support it
St. Augustine
The Germanic invasions
Vikings
- their defeat
- peace treaty
- cultural similarities
Defeated by King Alfred
The Peace of Edington (873)
Similar culture- roughly the same way of life and different varieties of the same Germanic tongue
The Germanic invasions
King Alfred
- military and cultural legacy
- legend
Defeated the
Only monarch to be given the title “ the Great”
Story of the burning of the cakes
The Germanic invasions
Unification of England
By the end of the tenth century England was a united kingdom
The medieval period
Norman Conquest (1066)
- decisive battle and protagonists
- difference from the Germanic invasions
- consequences
- feudal system and its hierarchy
- new elite
- language and social class (+ an example)
- survey of land
Battle of Hastings
Duke William of Normandy
VS
King Harold
Norman invasion was small-scale
Britain was brought into the mainstream of western European culture
Norman soldiers were given the ownership of land
- King
- nobles, barons
- lesser lords
- peasants
Barons
English - cow, pig, sheep
French - beef, pork, mutton
Britain, Wales, large part of eastern Ireland
The medieval period
Murder of Thomas Becket
The Canterbury Tales
1170, Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury killed by soldiers of King Henry II
He became a popular martyr
Written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th c.
Stories told by a fictional group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury
The medieval period
Wales
- Welsh language
- culture strongholds
- festivals
- resistance leader
- conquest
- new custom - title for heir to the throne
Welsh language remained strong
Northern and central Wales
Eisteddfods
Llewellyn
1284, The Statute of Wales
Naming the monarch’s eldest son the “Prince of Wales”
The medieval period
Scotland
- cultural split between the Lowlands and
Highlands - reasons
- differences
Ĺowlands -way of life and language was similar to that in England
Highlands - Gaelic culture and language
Adopting Anglo-Norman style of government meant more royal power
Hard to enforce the authority of the Scottish king in the highlands
