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GEOGRAPHY > 2.Geomorphic Movements > Flashcards

2.Geomorphic Movements Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two sources of information about the interior of the Earth?

A

Indirect source and direct source.

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2
Q

What is a direct source of information about the interior of the Earth?

A

A direct source of information about the interior of the Earth is one that provides information through first-hand observation or measurement.

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3
Q

Give an example of a direct source of information about the interior of the Earth.

A

An example of a direct source of information about the interior of the Earth is a volcanic eruption.

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4
Q

What information does a volcanic eruption provide about the interior of the Earth?

A

A volcanic eruption provides information about the presence of minerals, the layer below the crust where magma is found, and the temperature.

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5
Q

What is another direct source of information about the interior of the Earth besides volcanic eruptions?

A

Drilling and mining are another direct source of information about the interior of the Earth.

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6
Q

What information does drilling and mining provide about the interior of the Earth?

A

Drilling and mining provide information about the upper part of the crust.

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7
Q

What are the positives of using direct sources of information about the interior of the Earth?

A

The positives of using direct sources of information about the interior of the Earth include providing hand-to-hand information, giving 100% authenticity, and being used as a verification tool for information collected from indirect sources.

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8
Q

What are the negatives of using direct sources of information about the interior of the Earth?

A

The negatives of using direct sources of information about the interior of the Earth include limited information. For example, volcanic eruptions provide information about the interior for a maximum of 400 km, and information from drilling and mining is up to the depth of 16 km only.

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9
Q

What are indirect sources of information about the interior of the Earth?

A

Indirect sources of information about the interior of the Earth include seismology, the study of seismic waves.

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10
Q

What is seismology?

A

Seismology is the study of seismic waves, which can provide information about the interior of the Earth.

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11
Q

Where are seismograph stations located?

A

Seismograph stations are located in the arctic ocean, Antarctic ocean, and in many parts of the world.

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12
Q

What is the focus in seismology?

A

The focus in seismology is the origin of an earthquake, which is present below the surface of the Earth.

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13
Q

How deep can the focus of an earthquake be?

A

The depth of the focus of an earthquake can be 20 km, 120 km, 200 km, or other depths.

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14
Q

What is the epicenter in seismology?

A

The epicenter in seismology is the shortest distance on the surface of the Earth from the focus of an earthquake.

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15
Q

What is the relationship between the focus of an earthquake and its danger level?

A

If the focus of an earthquake is near the Earth’s surface, then the earthquake will be more dangerous.

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16
Q

Why is seismology considered an indirect source of information about the interior of the Earth?

A

Seismology is considered an indirect source of information about the interior of the Earth because it provides information about seismic waves, which can be used to infer properties of the Earth’s interior, rather than directly observing or measuring the interior itself.

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17
Q

What are the two types of earthquake waves?

A

The two types of earthquake waves are body waves and surface waves.

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18
Q

What are body waves?

A

Body waves are seismic waves that travel through the interior of the Earth.

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19
Q

How are body waves classified?

A

Body waves are classified into primary waves (P-waves) and secondary waves (S-waves).

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20
Q

What are P-waves?

A

P-waves are primary waves that are the first to reach the epicenter of an earthquake.

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21
Q

What is the velocity range of P-waves?

A

The velocity of P-waves ranges from 8-13 km/second.

22
Q

What mediums can P-waves pass through?

A

P-waves can pass through all mediums, including liquid, solid, and gas.

23
Q

What is the maximum velocity of P-waves recorded at?

A

The maximum velocity of P-waves is recorded at the solid most part of the Earth.

24
Q

What is the shadow zone of P-waves?

A

The shadow zone of P-waves is between 104 and 140 degrees.

25
Q

What is the maximum speed of P-waves noticed in?

A

The maximum speed of P-waves is noticed in the Earth’s core, which denotes the presence of iron.

26
Q

What information can be obtained from P-waves?

A

The curvy path of P-waves indicates that there are many layers of different densities inside the Earth, made up of different materials. The inner core is mostly solid, as the velocity of P-waves is maximum at the core.

27
Q

What are S-waves?

A

S-waves are secondary waves that follow P-waves during an earthquake.

28
Q

How does the velocity of S-waves compare to P-waves?

A

The velocity of S-waves is less than that of P-waves.

29
Q

What medium can S-waves not pass through?

A

S-waves cannot pass through liquid medium.

30
Q

What type of waves are S-waves?

A

S-waves are transverse waves.

31
Q

What is the shadow zone of S-waves represented at the outer core?

A

The shadow zone of S-waves represented at the outer core is as it is in a liquid state.

32
Q

What information can be obtained from S-waves?

A

S-waves do not enter the outer core, which indicates that the outer core may be in a liquid state.

33
Q

What are the types of seismic waves and how are they classified?

A

The types of seismic waves are body waves and surface waves. Body waves are classified into Primary waves (P-waves) and Secondary waves (S-waves), while surface waves are classified into R-waves and L-waves.

34
Q

What is the velocity range of P-waves and what is their maximum speed recorded at?

A

The velocity of P-waves ranges from 8-13 km/second, and their maximum speed is recorded at the solid most part, which denotes the presence of Iron.

35
Q

Do S-waves pass through liquid mediums? What is their shadow zone in the outer core?

A

S-waves do not pass through liquid mediums, and their shadow zone in the outer core is as it is in a liquid state.

36
Q

What information can be obtained from the curvy path of P and S waves?

A

The curvy path of P and S waves indicates that inside the Earth there are many layers of different densities, made up of different materials.

37
Q

What is the minimum velocity of P and S waves recorded at and what does it indicate?

A

The minimum velocity of P and S waves is recorded at the asthenosphere layer, which indicates that the Asthenosphere is semisolid.

38
Q

What substance is the most abundant in the Asthenosphere?

A

Olivine is the most abundant substance found in the Asthenosphere.

39
Q

What is a discontinuity?

A

A discontinuity is a line or transition zone that represents the difference in the density of layers or the discontinuity of P waves.

40
Q

What is the Conrad Discontinuity?

A

The Conrad Discontinuity is present between the upper and lower continental crust, and the line of this discontinuity is 35 km.

41
Q

What is the Mohorovicic Discontinuity?

A

The Mohorovicic Discontinuity, also known as the Moho Discontinuity, is present between the crust and mantle.

42
Q

What is the Repetti Discontinuity?

A

The Repetti Discontinuity is present between the upper mantle and inner mantle, and the line of this discontinuity is 700 km.

43
Q

What is the Gutenberg Discontinuity?

A

The Gutenberg Discontinuity is present between the mantle and core, and the line of this discontinuity is 2900 km.

44
Q

What is the Lehmann Discontinuity?

A

The Lehmann Discontinuity is present between the outer core and inner core, and the transition line of this discontinuity is 5150 km.

45
Q

What are the two types of forces affecting the Earth’s crust?

A

The two types of forces affecting the Earth’s crust are endogenetic or endogenic force and exogenetic or exogenic force.

46
Q

What is endogenic force?

A

Endogenic force is the force that originates inside the earth and is responsible for creating landforms on the earth. It is often associated with magma.

47
Q

What is exogenic force?

A

Exogenic force is the force that originates and acts upon the earth’s surface. It is responsible for the flattening of the earth surface.

48
Q

What are the types of endogenic forces?

A

The types of endogenic forces are diastrophic forces and sudden forces.

49
Q

What are diastrophic forces?

A

Diastrophic forces are slow movement forces that cause epeirogenic movement. An example of upward movement due to diastrophic force is in the Gulf of Kutch called Allah Bund, while an example of downward movement due to diastrophic force is Prince dockyard.

50
Q

What are sudden forces?

A

Sudden forces are fast-moving forces that cause events such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

GEOGRAPHY (8 decks)

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