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Coastal Landscapes > 2.b. Coastal landforms are inter-related and together make up characteristic landscapes. > Flashcards

2.b. Coastal landforms are inter-related and together make up characteristic landscapes. Flashcards

1
Q

The Rhone delta flows into what sea? Where about?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

Flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

West of Marseille.

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2
Q

The Rhone delta lies in-between what? How far away is it from the sea?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

The delta lies between 2 distributaries, 30km from the sea.

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3
Q

What are the two distributaries of the Rhone?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

Grande Rhône and the Petite Rhône.

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4
Q

What direction does the Grande Rhone sit?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

In the East.

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5
Q

Which of the two distributaries is larger? How much water does it carry to the Mediterranean Sea?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

The Grande Rhône is larger.

It carries 85% of the river’s water into the Mediterranean Sea.

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6
Q

How long is the delta’s coastline? What is its area?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

90km long and has an area of 1740km².

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7
Q

What shape is the Rhone delta?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

A lobate shaped delta.

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8
Q

The Rhone delta is dominated by waves. What does this mean?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

Waves re-shape the delta by moving sediment at the edge of the delta by longshore drift.

The deposits are typically sand and silt, with coastal beaches of fine sand.

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9
Q

The Rhone river is estimated to be carrying how much sediment?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

1.5 million tonnes of sediment.

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10
Q

In 1900, how much sediment was the river Rhone depositing each year?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

17 million m³/ year.

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11
Q

When did the delta form?

(Formation)
(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

Over the last 7000 years since the sea level rise at the end of the last ice age finished.

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12
Q

When did the Rhone delta’s current shoreline shape? How?

(Formation)
(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

At the start of the 18th century.

A flood moved the course of one of the channels of the Rhone to its present-day position.

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13
Q

How was the Beauduc spit formed?

(Formation)
(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

Formed when one of the channels of the Rhone river moved its course, leading material at the mouth of the abandoned channel to be moved.

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14
Q

In the 19th century, what happened to the mouth of the Grande Rhone? How?

(Formation)
(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

It changed position.

This is due to human management, reducing it from three channels to one.

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15
Q

What is the tidal range of the Rhone like? What does this mean for sediment?

(Formation)
(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

Micro, (0.3m).

Minimal sediment is removed.

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16
Q

The Rhone has a micro tidal range. How has this affected the coastal landscape?

(Formation)
(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

Resulted in sediment not being taken in and out; meaning the coastal landscape is not being built.

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17
Q

What happened on the Rhone river in the 20th century? What did this result in?

(Formation)
(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

There was more management.

This reduced flooding and produced hydroelectric power.

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18
Q

Why is the Rhone Delta a low-energy environment? State 2 reasons.

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

Mediterranean Sea is enclosed, so fetch is short (900km).

The North-West dominated wind direction creates weak waves (low wave height and energy).

Deposition has created a gently sloping coastline.

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19
Q

What is the sea level rise on the Rhone? (Since 1950)

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

2mm sea level rise per year since 1950.

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20
Q

How has climate change affected the Rhone?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

Led to an increase in storm activity.

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21
Q

What is the most frequent wind direction? What percentage of average wind velocity is this?

(The role of waves in the Rhône Delta)

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

South-West.

30% of the total regime.

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22
Q

What percentage of waves are 0.5 m - 1m in height?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

80%.

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23
Q

What percentage of higher energy waves are more than 2 m high?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

40%.

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24
Q

High energy waves are associated with onshore winds from what direction?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

SSE and SE.

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25
Q

What are the maximum wind speeds experienced on the Rhone delta?

(Case Study of a low-energy coastal environment, The Rhone Delta (France))

A

100 km/h.

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26
Q

The adjacent North York Moors how far above sea level? What rocks does it comprise of?

(Geology)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

400m above sea level.

Mainly sandstones, shales, and limestones.

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27
Q

What is Flamborough Head?

(Geology)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

A large chalk headland.

28
Q

Spectacular cliffs are topped with what? What is this?

(Geology)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Till.

A superficial deposit left behind by glaciers during the Devensian glacial period.

29
Q

How has the varied coastline scenery (notably high cliffs/ bay-headland sequence) been formed?

(Geology)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

From the erosion of different rock resistances.

30
Q

What direction are the most dominant waves from?

(Energy)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

North and North-East waves affect the coastline the most.

31
Q

What is the fetch of most waves?

(Energy)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Over 1500 km.

32
Q

Exposed parts of the coast face what direction? How does this affect the coastline?

(Energy)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

North-facing, (e.g. Saltburn area).

This means they receive the highest inputs of wave energy.

33
Q

Why do rates of erosion vary on the coastline?

(Energy)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Wave energy differences.

Variations in resistance of different geologies.

34
Q

What are the erosion rates of weak areas of the coastline? Give examples of the rocks seen.

(Energy)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

~ 0.8 m/ year.

Shale and clay.

35
Q

What are the erosion rates of resistant areas of the coastline? Give examples of the rocks seen.

(Energy)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

~ 0.1 m/ year.

Sandstones and limestones.

36
Q

What did monitoring of wave height in Whitley Bay (2010-11) show? What was this done with?

(Energy)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Showed that height often exceeded 4 m; even in the summer months.

This was done with buoys.

37
Q

Is there longshore drift on the coastline? What happens to the carried sediment?

(Energy)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Yes, there is significant longshore drift (North to South), carried sediment is interrupted by headlands, forming bays (e.g. Filey Bay).

38
Q

What sediment cell is the coastline within? Where doe this extend to and from?

(Sediment sources)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Coastline is sub-cell 1d of the major sediment cell 1, which extends South from St. Abbs in Southern Scotland to Flamborough.

39
Q

Give 2 ways in which sediment was driven onshore?

(Sediment sources)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Sea levels rise from the last glacial period.

Supplied by cliff erosion (chalk, sandstone and gravel).

40
Q

What is the name of the only large river on the coastline? Where does this join the coast?

(Sediment sources)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

The Esk.

It enters the North Sea at Whitby.

41
Q

Does the river Esk supply a lot of sediment? Why?

(Sediment sources)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Supplies limited amounts of sediment.

This is due to the construction of weirs and reinforced banks along its course.

42
Q

What was the net beach sediment increase between 2008-11 (in Saltburn)?

(Sediment sources)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

9245 m³.

43
Q

Zones of what were observed within Filey Bay? What does this reflect?

(Sediment sources)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Beach erosion and accretion

This reflects the influence of winter storm systems at the back of the beach (winter, 2010-11).

44
Q

Sedimentary rock is horizontally bedded. What does this mean for cliffs?

(Cliffs)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Cliff profiles tend to have a vertical face.

45
Q

Most cliffs are overlain by what? What causes this?

(Cliffs)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

A layer of weak glacial till, (at a lower angle).

This is 40° due to mass movement.

46
Q

What are the cliffs made from? What does this mean? How tall are they?

(Cliffs)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Made from chalk, so are physically strong with tightly bonded mineral particles.

They are 20-30 m high.

47
Q

Further North, what are the cliffs like? What causes this?

(Cliffs)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Much higher, often with a stepped profile.

This is due to the varied geology.

48
Q

Steeper sloping cliff segments are formed in what?

(Cliffs)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

More resistant sandstones and limestones.

49
Q

Gentler sloping cliff segments are formed in what? Why are these lower?

(Cliffs)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Weaker clays and shales.

They have been lowered by mass movement.

50
Q

Are shore platforms common on the coastline? Why?

(Shore platforms)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Yes.

This is because high energy waves and active erosion causes cliffs to
retreat (leaving behind rocky shore platforms).

51
Q

What is the typical angle of Robin Hood’s Bay? What is the ramped angle? What is the width?

(Shore platforms)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

1°.

A ramped angle of 15°.

A maximum width of 500 m; but this extends into the offshore zone.

52
Q

When was Robin Hood’s Bay formed?

(Shore platforms)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

6000 years ago when there was a stable sea level; although some suggest that they are relict features, formed during earlier inter-glacial periods.

53
Q

What has led to the formation of headlands and bays on the coast?

(Headlands and bays)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Variations in rock type has led to their formation.

54
Q

What was Robin Hood’s Bay created?

(Headlands and bays)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

From the erosion of weak shales with more resistant bands of sandstone forming on each side.

These include the Southern headlands of: Ravenscar and Ness Point.

55
Q

What is Filey Bay made from?

(Headlands and bays)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Weak clay, with adjacent resistant limestone and chalk.

56
Q

What is Flamborough Head made from?

(Headlands and bays)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Made from chalk, with deep bays either side from clay.

57
Q

Wave refraction concentrates wave energy where? Give an example of this.

(Landforms on headlands)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

On resistant headlands that project into the North Sea.

E.g. Caves and Arches formed large joints and faults of weaknesses; exploited by erosive wave action.

E.g. Green Stacks Pinnacle, isolated at the end of the headland - following the collapse of the arch roof.

58
Q

How many geos are on the coastline? Why are most aligned to the North-East?

(Geos and blowholes)
(Landforms on headlands)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Over 50 geos are on the coastline.

Most are aligned North-East as this is the most dominant wave direction.

59
Q

What causes the funnel-shaped depressions on cliff tops?

(Geos and blowholes)
(Landforms on headlands)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Chalk and boulder clays collapsing into the underlying sea caves.

60
Q

Outline the North side of Selwick’s Bay.

(Geos and blowholes)
(Landforms on headlands)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Has several blowholes.

These have appeared to merge - causing intervening chalk to collapse and produce a complex inlet.

61
Q

What are beaches like on the coast line?

(Beaches)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Very few well-developed beaches along this coastline.

62
Q

Why are beaches few on the coastline?

(Beaches)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Sand and shingle deposits accumulate slowly, due to low sediment inputs from rivers.

63
Q

Although longshore drift on the coastline is considerable, what features are lacking?

(Beaches)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

Spits and drift-aligned features.

64
Q

What is the tidal range of the coastline?

(Beaches)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

A high tidal range of 4 m.

65
Q

Why does Scarborough and Filey Bay have beaches?

(Beaches)
(Case study of a high-energy coastal environment, Saltburn to Flamborough Head)

A

They are low-energy environments

66
Q
A

Coastal Landscapes (9 decks)

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