2b/c: Thinking, Problem Solving, Judgments, Decision Making & Memory

Question 1

prototype

Answer 1

mental image/best example of a category

Question 2

assimilate

Answer 2

integrate new experience in terms of exisitng schemas

Question 3

accomodate

Answer 3

adapt current schemas to incoporate more info

Question 4

aptitude

Answer 4

ability to learn

Question 5

convergent thinking

Answer 5

ability to provide a single correct answer

Question 6

divergent thinking

Answer 6

expanding # of possible problem solutions

Question 7

functional fixedness

Answer 7

prior experiences inhibit ability to find creative solutions

Question 8

executive functions

Answer 8

cognitive skills that work tgt, enabling us to generate, organize, plan + implement goal-directed behavior

Question 9

insight

Answer 9

sudden realizaiton of problem’s solution, contrasts w/ strategy-based solutions (aha! moment)

Question 10

confirmation bias

Answer 10

tendency to search for info that supports preconceptions + to ignore/distort contradictory evidence

Question 11

fixation

Answer 11

inability to come to a fresh perspective

Question 12

mental set

Answer 12

tendency to approach a problem in 1 particular way

Question 13

motivated reasoning

Answer 13

using conclusions to assess evidence

Question 14

framing

Answer 14

nudges ppl to answer/act in a certain way

Question 15

phonological loop

Answer 15

holds aud. info in short-term memory

Question 16

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 16

holds info about objects’ appearance and location in space in STM

Question 17

neurogenesis

Answer 17

formation of new neurons

Question 18

long-term potentiation

Answer 18

increase in nerve cell’s firng potential after brief, rapid stimulation; neural basis for leaning + memory

Question 19

iconic memory

Answer 19

fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli

Question 20

echoic memory

Answer 20

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Question 21

chunking

Answer 21

organizing items into familar, manageable units

Question 22

mnemonics

Answer 22

vivid imagery + organizational devices (ex. acronyms)

Question 23

semantic memories

Answer 23

facts + general knowledge

Question 24

memory consolidation

Answer 24

neural storage of long-term memory

Question 25

memory trace

Answer 25

lasting physical change as memory forms

Question 26

retrospective memory

Answer 26

memory of past

Question 27

prospective memory

Answer 27

memory of intended future actions

Question 28

encoding specificity principle

Answer 28

idea that cues + contexts specific to particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Question 29

recency effect

Answer 29

tendency to remember last items on list

Question 30

primacy effect

Answer 30

tendency to remember first items on a list after delay

Question 31

anterograde amnesia

Answer 31

remember past but no formation of new memories

Question 32

retrograde amnesia

Answer 32

inability to remember info from past

Question 33

storage decay

Answer 33

forgetting after a long amount of time

Question 34

proactive interference

Answer 34

prior learning disrupts recall of new info

Question 35

retroactive interference

Answer 35

new learning disrupts recall of old info

Question 36

positive transfer

Answer 36

when old learning facilitates new learning

Question 37

reconsolidation

Answer 37

process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Question 38

misinformation effect

Answer 38

after exposure to subtly misleading info, may confidently misremember what we’ve seen/heard

Question 39

imagination inflation

Answer 39

reporting even richer details of false memories

Question 40

deja vu

Answer 40

familiarity w/ stimulus + uncertainty of where we encountered it