2A - Urban Issues & Challenges Flashcards
What is Urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the growth in percentage of a country’s population living in urban areas, compared to Rural areas.
How much of the world’s population currently live in urban areas?
Over 50% of the world’s population live in urban areas (3.9 billion people), and this is increasing every day.
What is a HIC?
A High Income Country.
These are places with a gross national income per capita of US$12,236 or more.
What is a LIC?
A Low Income Country.
These are places with a gross national income per capita of US$1,025 or less.
What is a NEE?
A Newly Emerging Economy.
These are places who have previously been LICs, but have had economic development so that they are no longer an LIC, but aren’t yet a HIC.
What is Rural-Urban Migration?
The movement of people from countryside to the cities.
What is a Push factor? Name one example.
A push factor is things that encourage people to leave an area.
Examples of push factors are: •Natural Disasters •Mechanisation of agricultural equipment •Desertification •Conflict / War
What is a Pull factor? Name one example.
A pull factor is things that encourage people to move to an area.
Examples of pull factors are:
•More jobs in Urban Areas
•Better access to health care and education in Urban Areas
•To join family members
•People believe that they will have a better quality of life
What is Natural Increase?
Natural Increase is when the birth rate is higher than the death rate.
What is a megacity, and how many are there currently?
A megacity is an urban area with over 10 million people living there. There are now 34 megacities.
Social Opportunities of Urban Growth in NEEs and LICs
- Better access to services, for example health care.
* There are also better access to resources, for example clean water and electricity.
Economic opportunities of Urban Growth in NEEs and LICs.
- As industries develop, more people move to urban areas. There are more jobs and better wages.
- Manufactured goods make greater profits than unprocessed goods.
Social & Economic Challenges of Urban Growth in NEEs and LICs.
- Squatter settlements are badly built and overcrowded.
- No access to basic services.
- Poor health due to unclean conditions and lack of access to medical care.
- No access to education.
- High levels of unemployment and crime.
Environmental Challenges of Urban Growth in NEEs and LICs.
- Rubbish often isn’t collected, can damage the environment.
- Air pollution is caused.
- Sewage can get into rivers and can get into rivers.
- Road System can’t cope with all vehicles, which causes increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Lagos, Nigeria.
- Nigeria is an NEE, and the richest country in Africa with a population of over 21 million.
- Main financial centre for the whole of West Africa.
- More than 275,000 migrants arrive every year.
Social Opportunities of living in Lagos
- More health care centres.
- 68% of population in Lagos have secondary education.
- People have access to electricity for cooking and lighting.
- Water treatment plans provide safe water.
Economic Opportunities of living in Lagos.
- Better jobs in Lagos.
- Lots of construction jobs.
- Lagos is home to many of the country’s banks.
- Thriving film and music industry. “Nollywood” is very popular.
Social Challenges of Growth in Lagos.
- Over 60% of city’s population live in slums.
- Houses in Makoko built on stilts in lagoon, one primary school in Makoko.
- Communal toilets cause health problems.
- Water sources can be up to 3km away.
- High levels of crime in Makoko.
Environmental Challenges of Growth in Lagos.
- Only 40% of rubbish is officially collected.
- Waste disposal is not controlled, leading to air and water pollution.
- Traffic congestion is really bad.
In the UK, When was the most growth of manufacturing industries and rapid urbanisation?
During the Industrial revolution, was the most Growth. This is because the UK is a High Income Country.
What opportunities has Urban Change in Liverpool, UK caused?
- It has created a cultural mix and ethnic diversity.
- The Albert Dock has been restored, as well as many other shops, restaurants and museums.
- There has been a rise in tourism jobs.
- An Integrated Transport System has been brought in.
What is Urban Sprawl?
Urban Sprawl is the unplanned growth in urban areas into the surrounding countryside.
What is the rural-urban fringe?
The rural-urban fringe is an area of transition where there’s a mix of urban and rural land use.
What things can be done to make a city more sustainable?
- Water Conservation Schemes.
- Energy Conservation Schemes.
- Waste Recycling.
- Creating Green Space.
What are some of the problems that can come from having a large number of vehicles on the road?
- An Increase of air pollution adds to climate change.
- Congestion can make people later for work, causing companies to lose money.
- There is a higher change of accidents.
What can reduce Traffic Congestion?
Using Public Transport, such as trains or buses, can reduce Traffic Congestion.
How can Traffic flow be managed?
- Ring roads keep traffic away from the city centre.
- Bus priority lanes stop buses being held up in traffic.
- Parking Restrictions.
- Car sharing schemes.
