2A - urban issues and challenges and sustainable living Flashcards
what is meant by urbanisation
This is an increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such as towns or cities.
describe and explain the trend in urbanisation in LIC’S
LIC’s experience urbanisation at a faster rate due to rapid economic growth
describe the trend in urbanisation in HIC’s
they experience urbanisation but at a slower rate compared to LIC’s
what factors affect the rate of urbanisation
Push and pull factors
what are some push factors for urbanisation
- natural disasters
- war and conflict
- mechanisation
- drought
- lack of employment
what are the pull factors of urbanisation
- more jobs
- better education and housing
- better quality of life
- better healthcare
- following family members
what is meant by urban - rural migration
the movement of people from rural to urban areas
what is meant by natural increase
when the birth rate exceeds the death rate
why is there an increase in birth rates
- high percentages of the population are at the age of being able to get pregnant
- lack of contraceptive methods leading to higher birth rates
- lack of family planning
- the need for more family members in LIC’s to gain more money via farming
why is there a low death rate
- higher life expectancy due to better living conditions and diet
- improved medical facilities to lower mortality rate
what is a mega city
An urban area with over 10 million people living there
describe the distribution of megacities
- mainly in LIC’s and NIC’s such as in brazil and Nigeria
- megacities are predicted to go from 28 to 41 by 2030
what are the features of a sustainable urban living (city features)
water conservation - reducing amount of water used
energy conservation - using less fossil fuels to reduce climate change
green space - improve places for people to live there
waste recycling - less fewer resources used
methods for water conservation
Collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets.
Installing water meters and toilets that flush less water.
Educating people on using less water.
methods for energy conservation
Promoting renewable energy sources.
Making homes more energy efficient.
Encouraging people to use energy.
methods and benefits for creating green spaces
Provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in.
Encourages people to exercise.
Reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff.
methods and benefits for waste recycling
Collection of household waste.
More local recycling facilities.
Greater awareness of the benefits in recycling.
what are traffic congestion strategies
Widen roads to allow more traffic to flow easily.
Build ring roads and bypasses to keep through traffic out of city centres.
Introduce park and ride schemes to reduce car use.
Encourage car-sharing schemes in work places.
Have public transport, cycle lanes & cycle hire schemes.
Having congestion charges discourages drivers from entering the bus city centres.
