2a drugs Flashcards
what kind of drug is alendronate
biphosphonate
what does alendronate do
- inhibits RANK-L signalling to osteoclasts by osteoblasts
- therefore decreased bone resorption
which conditions is alendronate used for
- osteoporosis
- bone malignancy
- multiple myeloma
- long term steroid use
what kind of drug is atenolol
cardioselective beta blocker - it only inhibits B1 on the heart
which conditions is atenolol used for
- angina
- ACS
- arrhytmias (AF & AFL)
what kind of drug is atracurium
muscle relaxant - Ach M3 antagonist
what does atracurium do
competitively binds to cholinergic muscarinic/ nicotinic receptors at nmj and inhibits ACH action
where is atracurium used
in surgery as anaesthetic
what kind of drug is bendroflumethiazide
thiazide diuretic
what does bendroflumethiazide do
inhibits Na+ - Cl- co transporter in DCT
this increases urine output
what is bendroflumethiazide used for
- hypertension
- oedema
( side effect of it is that it worsens blood sugars
what kind of drug is cefuroxime
3rd generation cephalosporin
(B lactam antibiotic)
which conditions is cefuroxime used for
- UTI’s (prostatitis & pyelonephritis)
- HAP
what kind of drug is celecoxib
selective cox - 2 inhibitig NSAID
what is celecoxib used for
pain relief in:
- ostoeporosis
- RA
- ankylosing spondylitis
what is a side effect of celecoxib
dizziness
what kind of drug is chloramphenicol
potent antibiotic
what is chloramphenicl used for
in eye drops for eye infections
what kind of drug is ciclosporin
calcineurin inhibitor
what does ciclosporin do
causes immunosupression by inhibiting calcineurin which activates the T cell response
what is a similar drug to ciclosporin
tacrolimus
which conditions is ciclosporin used for
- RA
- psoriasis
- nephrotic syndrome
- Crohns
- dermatitis
- sicca (dry eyes)
what kind of drug is ciprofloxacin
an antibiotic in the fluoroquinolone class
what does ciprofloxacin do
used to treat many infections
it is a DNA gyrase and topoisomerase inhibitor
which conditions is ciprofloxacin used for
against gram negative bacteria
- e coli
- salmonella
- shigella
- neisseria
- psuedomonas
- campylobacter
- chlamdiya
used for UTIs and pneumonia
what kind of drug is co amoxiclav
combined amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
amoxicillin - B lactam inhibitor
clavulanic acid - B lactamase inhibitor
when is co amixoclav useful
for b lactamase producing bacterial strains where amoxicilline alone is not sufficient
which conditions is co amoxiclov used for
- sinusitis
- UTI
- skin infections
- joint infection
- dental infection
what kind of drug is diamorphine
opioid analgesic (heroin)
2x stronger than morphine
what is diamorphone used for
as an analgesia for pan releif
but cannot use long term
- tolerance
- dependence
- withdrawal
symptoms
what kind of drug is dalteparin
an LMWH
what does dalteparin do
inhibits antithrombin III
therefore is an anticoagulant
which conditions is dalteparin used for
- DVT
- PE
to prevent risk of MI/Stroke
what kind of drug is dobutamine
a B1 adrenergic agonist
positively inotropic
given IV only
which conditions is dobutamine used for
- cardiogenic shock
- severe heart failure
what kind of drug is doxazosin
alpha adrenergic antagonist - alpha blocker
similar drug to doxazosin
tamsulosin
which conditions is doxazosin used in
- hypertension
- phaeochromocytoma
- BPH
what does doxazosin do for BPH
relaxes detrusor muscle neck -> easily pee
what kind of drug is ephedrine
alpha and beta-adrenergic agonist
uses of ephedrine
- nose drops for nasal congestion
- prevents low bp during anaesthesia
- significant hypotension
where is ephedrine found
it is a stimulant naturally found in plants
what kind of drug is erythromycin
a macrolide antibiotic
what does erythromycin do
inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
similar drugs to erithromycin
clarithromycin + azithromycin
uses for erythromycin
- CAP
- Upper resp tract infection
- pertussis (whooping cough)
- diphtheria
what is clarithromycin first line for
aytpical cap
what is azithromycin first line for
chlamidya + gonorrhea
what kind of drug is ethinylestradoil
eostogen replacement (HRT)
what is eithinylestradiol used for
it treats post menopausally decreased oestrogen which can cause osteoporosis
what kind of drug is furosemide
a loop diuretic
( high doses can cause tinnitus
what does furosemide do
inhibits NKCC2 transporter in ascending loop of henle
what kind of drug is ipatropium bromide
SAM3A
what does ipotropium bromdie do
it is an inhaled M3 antagonist used to treat asthma
it causes bronchodilation
what is preffered over ipotropium bromide
SAB2A
what kind of drug is loperamide
antimotility agent
which conditions is loperamide used for
GI cases with severe diarrohea
- IBS-D
- IBD
what is loperamide counter indicated in
constipation
what kind of drug is metformin
a biguanide
what does metformin do
increases peripheral sensitivity to insulin
what is metformin used for
T2DM
side effects of metformin
GI upset + anorexia
what kind of drug is methotrexate
a DMARD - disease modifying anti rheumatic drug
which conditions is methotrexte used in
- RA
- psoriasis
- psoriatic arthritis
- reactive arthritis
what does methotrexate do
inhibits dihydrofolate reductase by inhibiting folate synthesis
what is methotrexate contraindicated in
pregnancy
similar drugs to methotrexate
trimethoprim / nitrofurantoin
what kind of drug is oxybutinin
anti muscarinic
what is oxybutinin used for
used to treat an overactive bladder
LUTS
- frequency + urgency
- incontinence - stress + urge
what kind of drug is paracetamol
mild analgesic
what is paracetamol used for
fever and mild/moderate pain
what can paracetamol overdose cause
it can be fatal - fulminant hepatitis
what kind of drug is ramipril
Ace - inhibitor
what does ramipril do
inhibuts angiotensin 1 -> angiotension 2 using ACE
therefore decreases aldosterone and ADH
what is ramipril used for
high blood pressure
side effects of ramipril
- hypokalaemia
- severe dehydraton
- AKI
- dry cough
what kind of drug is rifampicin
RNA polymerase inhibiting antibiotic
what is rifampacin used for
TB - for 6 months
side effects of rifampacin
red/orange coloured urine + tears
what kind of drug is rivaroxaban
DOAC- factor Xa inhibitor
what is rivaroxaban used for
prophylactically for DVT + PE
similar drug to rivaroxaban
apixaban
what kind of drug is salmeterol
LAB2A - inhaled b2 agonist
what is salmeterol used for
asthma - used later down the ladder of managemnt
brand name of sildenafil
viagra
what kind of drug is sildenafil
phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors
what does sildenafil do
it is a potent selective inhibitor of cGMP specific phospodiesterase type 5
what conditions is sildenafil used for
- erectile dysfunction
- pulmonary hypertension
what kind of drug is suxamethonium
neuromuscular function blocking agent
how does suxamethonium work
it is a very rapid axting ‘depolarising type’ neuromuscular function blocking agent
therefore temporarily paralysis inducing
what is suxamethonium used for
- general anaesthesia
- tracheal intubation
what kind of drug is tamsulosin
alpha blocker - inhibits alpha adrenergic receptors
what is tamsulosin for
- BPH - relaxes bladder neck
- control bp in hypertensive crisis
side effect of tamsulon
postural hypotension
what kind of drug is tramadol
synthetic opioid pain releiver
what is tramadol used for
moderate/severe pain
weaker than morphine but still acts on opioid receptors in CNS
what do SGLT 2 inhibitors do ?
what is a side effect of piozglitizone?
is fluid retention- worsens CHF
what does metformin do
This drug reduces gluconeogenesis and increases the peripheral insulin sensitivity.
It also acts to decrease the intestinal absorption of glucose.
SGLT 2 inhibitors
The sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 protein is found in the proximal tubules of the kidneys. It acts to reabsorb glucose from the urine back into the blood.
SGLT-2 inhibitors block the action of this protein, causing more glucose to be excreted in the urine.
Examples are empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and ertugliflozin
what does pioglitizone do
It increases insulin sensitivity and decreases liver production of glucose
describe sulfonylurea
gliclazide is the most common sulfonylurea. Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release from the pancreas.
DPP4 inhibitors
DPP-4 inhibitors block the action of DPP-4, allowing increased incretin activity. Examples of DPP-4 inhibitors are sitagliptin and alogliptin. They do not cause hypoglycaemia.
