2A-cell structure and division Flashcards
list all the organelles found in an animal cell and a plant cell
nucleus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Golgi vesicle, lysosome, cell surface membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm
plants also contain all the above but they also contain a cell wall with plasmodesmata to transport substance to adjacent cells (plants and algal =cellulose and fungal = chitin), vacuole and chloroplast (fungal cells don’t have this as they don’t photosynthesis)
describe the structure and function of the nucleus
the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane)
and contains chromosomes made from protein-based linear D.N.A
it has many pores
the nucleus controls the activity of the cell as it controls what D.N.A is transcribed
it contains many pores to allow certain substances to move out into the cytoplasm like mRNA
contains a nucleolus which makes ribosomes
describe the structure and function of the mitochondria
it is surrounded by a double membrane
within the mitochondria, the membrane forms a structure called cristae to form a matrix
in the matrix, it contains many enzymes for respiration
responsible for respiration to provide energy for the cell
where ATP is produced
describe the structure and function of the cell surface membrane
it is made up of phospholipids made up of proteins and lipids lined up together
it controls what enters and leaves the cell and it also contains receptors which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
describe the structure and function of the ribosome
no cell membrane
found floating freely in the cytoplasm or on RER
this is where proteins are made
describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
a system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space and containing ribosomes on it
its job is to fold and process proteins made at the ribosome
describe the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
a system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space with no ribosomes on it
it synthesised and processes lipids
describe the structure and function of the Golgi body
it is a group of membrane-bound fluid-filled flattened sacs with small vesicles seen floating around it freely in the cytoplasm
its job is to modify and package proteins and lipids]
and makes lysosomes
describe the structure and function of the Golgi vesicle
it is a membrane-bound fluid-filled flattened sac produced at the Golgi apparatus
its job is to transport proteins and lipids to the cell surface membrane to be released and can also store these proteins and lipids
describe the structure and function of the lysosome
the lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle with a clear internal structure it contains an enzyme called lysozyme a type of Golgi vesicle
it uses this enzyme to break down invading cells or worn-down cell components
describe the structure and function of the cell wall
animal and fungal = cellulose cell wall and fungal = chitin
supports cells and allows them to maintain their shape and structure
describe the structure and function of the chloroplast
is surrounded by a double membrane
contains another membrane called the thylakoid membrane
these thylakoid membranes stack up to form grana
these grana then link together by lamellae
contains a fluid called stroma
responsible fro photosynthesis to provide energy for the plant photosynthesis can occur in the stroma too
describe the structure and function of the vacuole
surrounded by a membrane floating freely in the cytoplasm
the membrane which surrounds it is called the tonoplast
contains cell sap a weak sugar and salt solution
it is used to regulate the pressure of the cell
prevents cells from bursting via osmosis
used to isolate certain chemicals/ substances from the cytoplasm
why are specialized cells different to normal cells
they contain a certain shape along with more or fewer organelles allowing them to perform a particular function e.g sperm has lots of mitochondria as well as muscle
define a tissue, an organ and an organ system and give an example
a tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a particular function
an organ is a group of different tissues working together to perform a particular function
an organ system is a group of different organs put together to perform a task
e.g epithelial cell, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue + epithelial tissue + glandular tissue = stomach, digestive system
