2A: Assemblies of molecules, cells, and groups of cells within single cellular and multicellular ogranisms

Question 1

Describe Distinctions of Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 1

1. Membrane-bound nucleus
2. Membrane-bound organelles
3. Mitotic Division

Question 2

What is the function and structure of a nucleus?

Answer 2

Contains membrane, selective through nuclear pores for bringing protein in and sending mRNA out

Stores DNA in form of linear chromosomes

Question 3

Nucleolus

Answer 3

Ribosomal assembly

Question 4

What is structure of mitochondria?

Answer 4

Outer membrane, inter-membrane space, inner membrane, mitochondrial matrix (outside to inside)

Question 5

What is unique about mitochondria?

Answer 5

They are self-replicating with their own genetic code

Circular DNA (mtDNA) which is inherited maternally

Evolutionary history and endosymbiotic relationship

Question 6

Role of Mitochondria

Answer 6

Energy production- powerhouse of the cell!
Krebs Cycle and ETC take place in mitochondria

So does beta oxidation of fatty acids

Question 7

Lysosomes

Answer 7

Garbage disposal system of cell, breakdown materials into basic components

Question 8

What is special about lysosome enzymes?

Answer 8

Function best at pH of around 5, so if lysozyme bursts, they won’t be able to breakdown cellular components

Danger is if a lot of lysosome burst then acidity could cause harm

Question 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 9

Net-like

Extends out from nucleus, composed of cisternae which have double membranes

Question 10

Rough E.R.

Answer 10

Called Rough because has Ribosomes!

Site of protein synthesis, and then off to Golgi

Question 11

Smooth E.R.

Answer 11

Synthesizes lipids and does breakdown(i.e. for cell membrane)

Involved in detoxification

Produces steroid hormones

Question 12

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 12

Modifies proteins from Rough E.R.

Post office- packages proteins into vesicles for transport

Question 13

Peroxisomes

Answer 13

Hydrogen peroxide accumulates in this membrane-bound organelle, and is decomposed here

Detoxification of stuff like ethanol

Also breaks down suuuuper long fatty acid chains into medium sized ones

Question 14

What are characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Answer 14

Found in lining, glands, and can be simple or stratified

Avascular

Question 15

If epithelial tissue is avascular, how does it get nutrients?

Answer 15

Diffusion through basement membrane to which it is bound

Question 16

Connective Tissue

Answer 16

Supports and connects tissue

Bone, cartilege, etc.

Question 17

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 17

Whole thing does structural support, movement, and transport of substances

Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments

Question 18

Talk about microtubules

Answer 18

Made out of polymeric dimers of alpha and beta TUBUlin

Structural support, and make up cilia and flagella

Facilitate intracellular transport and make up mitotic spindles

Question 19

Talk about intermediate filaments

Answer 19

Provide structural support and assist cell-to-cell adhesions

Resist mechanical stress, and are very stable

Comprised of different proteins, looks like the demogorgan spider legs

Question 20

Talk about microfilaments

Answer 20

Comprised of two strands of actin polymers

Play role in cell motility, endocytosis, and exocytosis (dynamic)

Also help with cell division, think of the pinched bubble