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GEOGRAPHY > 2A > Flashcards

2A Flashcards

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1
Q

What isurbanisation

A

The growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas

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2
Q

HICs rate of urban growth

A

Very slow

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3
Q

LICa rates of urbanisations

A

Fasted in the world generally

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4
Q

NEEs eceinkmic develtooment isnincreasing

A

Rapidly

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5
Q

Define rural-urban migration

A

Movement of people from the countryside to the cities

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6
Q

Push factors

A

Natural disasters
Eg floods and earthquakes can damages property and farmland which people can’t afford to repair

Mechanisation of agricultural equipment
Farms require fewer workers so fewer jobs

Desertification
Land is unproductive

Conflict or war

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7
Q

Pull factors

A

More jobs in urban better paid

Better access to health care and education

To join other family memebers who have already moved

People think they will have a better QOL

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8
Q

Urbanisation can also be caused by

A

Natural increase

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9
Q

Define natural increase

A

Birth rate is higher than death rate

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10
Q

Mega city

A

Over 10million people

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11
Q

How many mega cities are theee

A

34

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12
Q

Urban growth social opportunities

A

Better acces to services

Better access to resources eg clean water and electricity

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13
Q

Urban growth economic opportunities

A

The growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic development

As industries develop more people move to urban areas to work in the factories - there are more jobs and better wages than in rural areas

Industries sell the goods they produce on the international market. Manufactured goods nakengreater profits than unprocessed goods (eg agricultural products) so industrialised countries get wealthier

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14
Q

Social and economic challenges of urban growth

A

End up in squatted settlements

Badly built and overcrowded

Don’t often have access to basic services

Unclean conditions and lack of access to medical services mean people often have poor health

May not have access to education
Long hours little pay
Hugh levels of unemployment and crime

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15
Q

Environmental challenges of urban growth

A

If cities grow rapidly waste disposal services sewage systems and environmental regulations for factories can’t keep pace with the growth

Rubbish isn’t collect - rubbish heaps
Damaged environment- of toxic

Air pollution - burning fuel, vehicle exhaust fumes and factories

Sewage and toxic chemicals can get into rivers harming wildlife

Road system may not be able to cope with all vehicles congestion - greenhouse gas emissions

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16
Q

What project helps poor people in rios favelas

A

Favela - bairro

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17
Q

Example of an urban planning scheme

A

Favela-bairro project

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18
Q

Where is Rio based

A

East Brazil

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19
Q

How many squatter settlements does Rio have

A

More than 600

Housing one-fifth of the city’s population (more than one million people)

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20
Q

When did the favela - bairro project fun from

A

1995-2008

Involved 253 000 people in 73 favelas

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21
Q

What did the favela-bairro project lead to

A

Social improvement
Day care centres for children
Adult education classes and services to help people with drug or alcohol addictions

Economic improvements
The protect is helping people get legal ownership of their properties and running training schemes to help people find better jobs

Environmental improvements
Wooden buildings are being replaced with brick buildings
Streets have been widened and paved and there are now rubbish collection services

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22
Q

Where is Lagos

A

A city in Nigeria

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23
Q

Nigeria is a

A

NEE and the richest country in Africa

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24
Q

Pollution of Lagos

A

Over 21 million

One of the fastest - growing urban areas in the world

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25
Q

More than ______ migrants arrive every year creating an outwards urban sprawl of the city into the surrounding countryside in Lagos

A

275 000

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26
Q

Lagos social opportunities

A

More healthcare centres and hospitals
Better range of medicines

68% of the population of Lagos have secondary education (40% don’t even attend primary school in rural areas in the north of the country)

In Lagos peiple can use electricity for cooking and lighting
Acces to electricty also means people can develop businesses

Watertreatment plants provide safe water pipes directly to areas of the city

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27
Q

Economic opportunists in Lagos

A

Rapid growth means more construction jobs

Lagos is home to many of the country’s banks, government departments and manufacturing. Industries (eg making food and drink) there are two major ports and a fishing industry

Logos also have a thriving film and music indursty - ‘Nollywood’ filns are very popular

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28
Q

Social challenges in Lagos

A

Over 60% of pop love in slums

Houses in makoko are flimsy, wooden huts built on stilts in the lagoon
Only one primary school
Can’t afford to send children to school

Communal toilets shared by 15 households and most of the waste goes straight into the lagoon below - it’s always full of rubbish and raw sewage which cause health problems eg cholera

Water can be bought in makoko from a communal water point but that can be up to 3 km away and the only electricty come from illegal connections tht often cut out

High levels of crime

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29
Q

Environmental challenges in Lagos

A

Only about 40% of rubbish is officially collected and there are large rubbish dumps containing toxic waste

Waste disposal and emissions from factories are not controlled leading to air and water pollution

Traffic congestion is really bad many face 2 hour commutes in rush hours known as the go slow

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30
Q

Economic challenges of Lagos

A

Not enough formal jobs for all migrant

Scavenging in the olusosun rubbish dump for items to sell

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31
Q

What are conurbations

A

Towns that have merged to form continuous urban areas

Highest pop density

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32
Q

What’s the relief

A

Change in the height of the land

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33
Q

Upland regions such as north of Scotland are

A

Sparsely-populated

Difficult to farm and have few natural resources

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34
Q

Many coastal areas have attracted human settlement - especially where there are

A

Sheltered bays and river estuaries suitable for building harbours. Key ports (eg Liverpool and Cardiff) have grown into major cities

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35
Q

London is the uks biggest city- it has over ________ people which is ______ of the country’s total population.

A

8.6 million’s

10%

36
Q

Mineral wealth (especially of coal and iron ore) has often led to rapid population growth because this was where industries developed

A

Many of the uks cities developed on major coalfields eg Newcastle and Leeds

37
Q

Most urban areas developed in lowlan areas (eg Birmingham)

A

These are easy to build on and have a milder climate than upland areas

38
Q

The central business district (CBD) is usually is the

A

Middle of a town or city

Has main public buildings, train and bus stations, hotels, shops, offices, restaurants and entertainment facilities - you can see some of these on maps

The CBD is often surrounded by a ring road - so look out for one of these aswell

39
Q

The inner city area often has a mix of land uses -

A

Mainly residential (including old terraced houses, high-rise tower blocks and modern housing built in redevelopment programmes) but with some businesses and recreational parks. Lots of short parallel roads often show areas of terraced housing in the inner city

40
Q

The suburbs are found towards

A

The edge of a city

Mainly residential areas often with semi-detached houses
Look for lots of short curved streets and culdesacs on the map

41
Q

The rural-urban fringe is on the edge of the city. It has

A

Farmland and open spaces as well as new housing developments and large retail and business parks

Look for white spaces showing fields mixed with more built up areas

42
Q

During the industrial revolution there was growth of

A

Manufacturing industries and rapid urbanisation

Followed by industrial decline - many industries relocated overseas or to the rural-urban fringe

Lots of people moved to the suburbs and inner city areas and CBDs declined

Regeneration projects have helped to make city centres more attractive again

43
Q

Opportunities of urban change

A

Immigrant communities were attracted by low cost inner city housing. Many uk cities are now very multicultural - offering a range of food and festivals eg the Notting hill carnival in London

Redevelopment presents opportunities for new investment. Hotels restaurants and entertainment venues can be upgraded to make the city centre more attractive

CBDs have been redeveloped with offices and entertainment facilities - creating employee opportunities

Congestion problems been dealt with by developing innovative transport solutions

Importance of green space in cities is increasingly recognised by planners
Parks gardens and open spaces are being incorporated into regenerated areas of uk cities

44
Q

Challenges of urban change

A

Industrial decline in cities cause a decrease in wealth. People moved away leaving derelict buildings which became s target for crime

Deprived areas are linked to poor acces to health care, education and job opportunities - social unrest

Derelict land in inner

45
Q

Define sustainable living

A

Doing things in a way that lets the people living now have the things th y need but without reducing the ability of people in the future to meet their needs

46
Q

What can be done to make a city more sustainable

A

Water conservation schemes

Energy conservations schemes

Creating greeen space

Waste recycling

47
Q

Water conservation schemes

A

Only as much water should be taken from environment as can be naturally replaced

Water conservation schemes reduce the amount of water used for example

Collecting rainwater for gardens or flushing toilets
Installing toilets that use less water
Installing water meters so people have to pay for water they use
Encourage people to use less water
Eg turn tap of while brushing teeth

48
Q

Energy conservation schemes

A

Burning fossil fuels to generate power isn’t sustainable because they’ll run out
Burning them also increases the rate of climate change because it produces greenhouse gases
Energy conservation schemes reduce the use of fossil fuels for example by

Promoting renewable energy sources eg wind
Government incentives to make homes more energy efficient
New homes built meet minimum energy efficiency requirements
Encouraging people to use less energy at home eg by turning off lights when they’re not needed

49
Q

Creating green space

A

Cities can be noisy, dirty, busy and hot - they are unsustainable because people find them unpleasant and stressful creating green space within urban areas helps to make sure that they remain places where people want to live and work

They provide naturally cooler areas 
Encourage people to excercise more and bikes 
Healthier less stressed 
Happier no noise 
Reduce flooding 
Reduce air pollution
50
Q

Waste recycling

A

More recycling means fewer resources are used
Reduces landfill
Collecting household recycling boxes
Recylycong fscilitlies
Websites where items are offered for free

51
Q

Traffic congestion problems in urban areas

A

Environmental - increased air pollution and the release of greeenhouse gases countributes to climate change

Economic - late for work or meetings and delay deliveries - losing money

Social - there is a higher chance of accidents. Frustration for drivers, health issues for pedestrians and cyclists and delay emergency vehicles

52
Q

Many urban transport strategies encourage people to use public transport instead of travelling by car, London is a good example

A

Docklands light railway - automatic train system
East London to city centre
110 million people each year

London Underground
3 mill passenger off the roads each day

Self service bicycles available to hire

Oyster cards

Park and ride

53
Q

Traffic flow can be managed by

A

Ring roads and pedestrianised shopping streets keep traffic away from city centre

Bus priority lanes

Orkingn restrictuons

Congestion charging

Car sharing

Flexible working hours

54
Q

Define development

A

The progress in evenimuc growth use of technology and improving welfare that a country has made

55
Q

GNI

A

Gross national income

Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year including income from overseas its often given in us$

Measure of wealth
Gets bigger as a country develops

56
Q

GNI per head

A

GNI divides by population

57
Q

GDP

A

Gross domestic product

Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year

58
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year

59
Q

Dear hrate

A

Number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

60
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of babies who die under 1 year old per thousand babies born

61
Q

People per doctor

A

Average number of people for each doctor

62
Q

Literacy rate

A

Percentage of adults that can read and write

63
Q

HDI

A

Human development index

Number calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate, education level, and income per head

Between 0-1

64
Q

DTM

A

Demographic transition model

Shows how changing birth rates and death rates affect population growth

65
Q

Stage 1 is the DTM

A

Least developed

Birth rate Hugh - no contraception use
Lots of children because poor healthcare means infants may die
DeAth rate higher due to poor healthcare or famine and life expectancy is low
Income is very low

66
Q

Stage 2 DTM

A

Not very developed
Many LICs in stage 2

Economy based on agriculture so people have lots of children to work on farms which means that birth rates are high

Death rates fall due to improved healthcare and diet so life expectancy increases

67
Q

Stage 3 DTM

A

More developed
Most NEEs

Birth rate falls rapidly as women have a more equal place in society and better education

Use of contraception increases

More women work rather than having children

Economy also changes to manufacturing so income increases and fewer children are needed to work on dames.
Healthcare improves so life expectancy increases

68
Q

Stages 4 and 5

A

Most developed
HICs

Birth rates are low because people want possessions and a high quality of life and may have dependant elderly relatives so there is less money available for having children

Healthcare is good so the death rate is low and life expectancy is Hugh income is also high

69
Q

A country is less likely to be less developed if it has… (physical factors?

A

A poor climate
Poor farming farming land
Few raw materials
Lots of natural hazards

70
Q

How does a poor climate affect development

A

Not much will grow. Reduces food produced - malnutrition - LQOL

fewer crops to sell, less money to spend on goods and services - LQOL

less money from taxed (less is sold and bought) - less to spend on developing county

71
Q

How does poor farming land affect delecopment

A

Steep or poor soil

Won’t produce a lot of food

72
Q

How does few raw materials affect development

A

Countries without many raw materials like coal oil or metal ores tend to make less money because they’ve got fewer products to sell

Less money to spend on development

Some countries do have s lot of raw materials but still aren’t very developed because they don’t have the money to develop the infrastructure to exploit them (roads and ports)

73
Q

How do lots of natural hazards affect development t

A

Countries that have a lot have to spend a lot of money rebuilding

Reduces QOL for people affected and reduce amount
Of money government has to spend on development projects

74
Q

Define natural hazard

A

Natr process which could cause death injury or disruption to humans or to destroy propert and possessions

75
Q

Define natural disaster

A

Natural hazard that has actually happened

76
Q

Historical reasons for uneven development

A

Colonisation

Conflict

77
Q

Colonisation

A

Countries that were colonised (ruled by a foreign country) are often at a lower level of development when they gain imdoenedsnce than they would be if they had not been colonised

European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century
They controlled the economies of their colonies removed raw materials and slaves and sold back expensive manufactured goods
This was bad for African development as it made parts of Africa dependant on Europe and led to famin and malnutrition

78
Q

Conflict

A

War, especially civil wars can slow or reduce levels of development even after the war is over eg healthcare became much wide and thins like infant mortality increase a lot

Money is spent on arms and fighting instead of development people are killed and damage is done to infrastructure and property

79
Q

A country is more likely to be at a lower level of development if it has… (economic factors)

A

Poor trade links
Lots of debt
An economy based on primary products

80
Q

Poor trade links

A

Trade is exchange of good and servixes between counties

World trade patterns (who traded with whom)
Seriously influence a country’s economy so affect their level of development

If a country has poor trade links it won’t make a lot of money so less to spend on development

81
Q

Lots of debt

A

Very poor countries borrow money from other countries and international organisations eg to help cope with the aftermath of a natural disaster

This money has to be paid back(sometimes with interest)

Any money a country makes is used to pay back the debt so it isn’t used to develop

82
Q

An economy based on primary products

A

Countries that mostly export primary products tend to be less developed

This is because you don’t make much profit by selling primary products
Their prices fluctuate
Don’t make much money
Countries that export manufactured goods tend to be more developed
Usually make a decent profit

83
Q

Uneven development has lead to great differences in

A

Wealth and health and caused larg flows of international migration

84
Q

Uneven development affecting wealth

A

People in more developed countries have a higher income than those in less developed countries

85
Q

Health in uneven development

A

Healthcare in more development countries is better

People in HICs live longer

Infant mortality is much higher in less developed countries - 85/1000 in chas 4/1000 in uk

86
Q

Uneven development and international migration

A

If neighbouring or nearby countries have a higher level of development people will seek to enter that country to make use of the opportunities it provides to improve their quality of life

GEOGRAPHY (9 decks)

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