2A Flashcards
What isurbanisation
The growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas
HICs rate of urban growth
Very slow
LICa rates of urbanisations
Fasted in the world generally
NEEs eceinkmic develtooment isnincreasing
Rapidly
Define rural-urban migration
Movement of people from the countryside to the cities
Push factors
Natural disasters
Eg floods and earthquakes can damages property and farmland which people can’t afford to repair
Mechanisation of agricultural equipment
Farms require fewer workers so fewer jobs
Desertification
Land is unproductive
Conflict or war
Pull factors
More jobs in urban better paid
Better access to health care and education
To join other family memebers who have already moved
People think they will have a better QOL
Urbanisation can also be caused by
Natural increase
Define natural increase
Birth rate is higher than death rate
Mega city
Over 10million people
How many mega cities are theee
34
Urban growth social opportunities
Better acces to services
Better access to resources eg clean water and electricity
Urban growth economic opportunities
The growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic development
As industries develop more people move to urban areas to work in the factories - there are more jobs and better wages than in rural areas
Industries sell the goods they produce on the international market. Manufactured goods nakengreater profits than unprocessed goods (eg agricultural products) so industrialised countries get wealthier
Social and economic challenges of urban growth
End up in squatted settlements
Badly built and overcrowded
Don’t often have access to basic services
Unclean conditions and lack of access to medical services mean people often have poor health
May not have access to education
Long hours little pay
Hugh levels of unemployment and crime
Environmental challenges of urban growth
If cities grow rapidly waste disposal services sewage systems and environmental regulations for factories can’t keep pace with the growth
Rubbish isn’t collect - rubbish heaps
Damaged environment- of toxic
Air pollution - burning fuel, vehicle exhaust fumes and factories
Sewage and toxic chemicals can get into rivers harming wildlife
Road system may not be able to cope with all vehicles congestion - greenhouse gas emissions
What project helps poor people in rios favelas
Favela - bairro
Example of an urban planning scheme
Favela-bairro project
Where is Rio based
East Brazil
How many squatter settlements does Rio have
More than 600
Housing one-fifth of the city’s population (more than one million people)
When did the favela - bairro project fun from
1995-2008
Involved 253 000 people in 73 favelas
What did the favela-bairro project lead to
Social improvement
Day care centres for children
Adult education classes and services to help people with drug or alcohol addictions
Economic improvements
The protect is helping people get legal ownership of their properties and running training schemes to help people find better jobs
Environmental improvements
Wooden buildings are being replaced with brick buildings
Streets have been widened and paved and there are now rubbish collection services
Where is Lagos
A city in Nigeria
Nigeria is a
NEE and the richest country in Africa
Pollution of Lagos
Over 21 million
One of the fastest - growing urban areas in the world
More than ______ migrants arrive every year creating an outwards urban sprawl of the city into the surrounding countryside in Lagos
275 000
Lagos social opportunities
More healthcare centres and hospitals
Better range of medicines
68% of the population of Lagos have secondary education (40% don’t even attend primary school in rural areas in the north of the country)
In Lagos peiple can use electricity for cooking and lighting
Acces to electricty also means people can develop businesses
Watertreatment plants provide safe water pipes directly to areas of the city
Economic opportunists in Lagos
Rapid growth means more construction jobs
Lagos is home to many of the country’s banks, government departments and manufacturing. Industries (eg making food and drink) there are two major ports and a fishing industry
Logos also have a thriving film and music indursty - ‘Nollywood’ filns are very popular
Social challenges in Lagos
Over 60% of pop love in slums
Houses in makoko are flimsy, wooden huts built on stilts in the lagoon
Only one primary school
Can’t afford to send children to school
Communal toilets shared by 15 households and most of the waste goes straight into the lagoon below - it’s always full of rubbish and raw sewage which cause health problems eg cholera
Water can be bought in makoko from a communal water point but that can be up to 3 km away and the only electricty come from illegal connections tht often cut out
High levels of crime
Environmental challenges in Lagos
Only about 40% of rubbish is officially collected and there are large rubbish dumps containing toxic waste
Waste disposal and emissions from factories are not controlled leading to air and water pollution
Traffic congestion is really bad many face 2 hour commutes in rush hours known as the go slow
Economic challenges of Lagos
Not enough formal jobs for all migrant
Scavenging in the olusosun rubbish dump for items to sell
What are conurbations
Towns that have merged to form continuous urban areas
Highest pop density
What’s the relief
Change in the height of the land
Upland regions such as north of Scotland are
Sparsely-populated
Difficult to farm and have few natural resources
Many coastal areas have attracted human settlement - especially where there are
Sheltered bays and river estuaries suitable for building harbours. Key ports (eg Liverpool and Cardiff) have grown into major cities
London is the uks biggest city- it has over ________ people which is ______ of the country’s total population.
8.6 million’s
10%
Mineral wealth (especially of coal and iron ore) has often led to rapid population growth because this was where industries developed
Many of the uks cities developed on major coalfields eg Newcastle and Leeds
Most urban areas developed in lowlan areas (eg Birmingham)
These are easy to build on and have a milder climate than upland areas
The central business district (CBD) is usually is the
Middle of a town or city
Has main public buildings, train and bus stations, hotels, shops, offices, restaurants and entertainment facilities - you can see some of these on maps
The CBD is often surrounded by a ring road - so look out for one of these aswell
The inner city area often has a mix of land uses -
Mainly residential (including old terraced houses, high-rise tower blocks and modern housing built in redevelopment programmes) but with some businesses and recreational parks. Lots of short parallel roads often show areas of terraced housing in the inner city
The suburbs are found towards
The edge of a city
Mainly residential areas often with semi-detached houses
Look for lots of short curved streets and culdesacs on the map
The rural-urban fringe is on the edge of the city. It has
Farmland and open spaces as well as new housing developments and large retail and business parks
Look for white spaces showing fields mixed with more built up areas
During the industrial revolution there was growth of
Manufacturing industries and rapid urbanisation
Followed by industrial decline - many industries relocated overseas or to the rural-urban fringe
Lots of people moved to the suburbs and inner city areas and CBDs declined
Regeneration projects have helped to make city centres more attractive again
Opportunities of urban change
Immigrant communities were attracted by low cost inner city housing. Many uk cities are now very multicultural - offering a range of food and festivals eg the Notting hill carnival in London
Redevelopment presents opportunities for new investment. Hotels restaurants and entertainment venues can be upgraded to make the city centre more attractive
CBDs have been redeveloped with offices and entertainment facilities - creating employee opportunities
Congestion problems been dealt with by developing innovative transport solutions
Importance of green space in cities is increasingly recognised by planners
Parks gardens and open spaces are being incorporated into regenerated areas of uk cities
Challenges of urban change
Industrial decline in cities cause a decrease in wealth. People moved away leaving derelict buildings which became s target for crime
Deprived areas are linked to poor acces to health care, education and job opportunities - social unrest
Derelict land in inner
Define sustainable living
Doing things in a way that lets the people living now have the things th y need but without reducing the ability of people in the future to meet their needs
What can be done to make a city more sustainable
Water conservation schemes
Energy conservations schemes
Creating greeen space
Waste recycling
Water conservation schemes
Only as much water should be taken from environment as can be naturally replaced
Water conservation schemes reduce the amount of water used for example
Collecting rainwater for gardens or flushing toilets
Installing toilets that use less water
Installing water meters so people have to pay for water they use
Encourage people to use less water
Eg turn tap of while brushing teeth
Energy conservation schemes
Burning fossil fuels to generate power isn’t sustainable because they’ll run out
Burning them also increases the rate of climate change because it produces greenhouse gases
Energy conservation schemes reduce the use of fossil fuels for example by
Promoting renewable energy sources eg wind
Government incentives to make homes more energy efficient
New homes built meet minimum energy efficiency requirements
Encouraging people to use less energy at home eg by turning off lights when they’re not needed
Creating green space
Cities can be noisy, dirty, busy and hot - they are unsustainable because people find them unpleasant and stressful creating green space within urban areas helps to make sure that they remain places where people want to live and work
They provide naturally cooler areas Encourage people to excercise more and bikes Healthier less stressed Happier no noise Reduce flooding Reduce air pollution
Waste recycling
More recycling means fewer resources are used
Reduces landfill
Collecting household recycling boxes
Recylycong fscilitlies
Websites where items are offered for free
Traffic congestion problems in urban areas
Environmental - increased air pollution and the release of greeenhouse gases countributes to climate change
Economic - late for work or meetings and delay deliveries - losing money
Social - there is a higher chance of accidents. Frustration for drivers, health issues for pedestrians and cyclists and delay emergency vehicles
Many urban transport strategies encourage people to use public transport instead of travelling by car, London is a good example
Docklands light railway - automatic train system
East London to city centre
110 million people each year
London Underground
3 mill passenger off the roads each day
Self service bicycles available to hire
Oyster cards
Park and ride
Traffic flow can be managed by
Ring roads and pedestrianised shopping streets keep traffic away from city centre
Bus priority lanes
Orkingn restrictuons
Congestion charging
Car sharing
Flexible working hours
Define development
The progress in evenimuc growth use of technology and improving welfare that a country has made
GNI
Gross national income
Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year including income from overseas its often given in us$
Measure of wealth
Gets bigger as a country develops
GNI per head
GNI divides by population
GDP
Gross domestic product
Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
Birth rate
The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year
Dear hrate
Number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
Infant mortality rate
The number of babies who die under 1 year old per thousand babies born
People per doctor
Average number of people for each doctor
Literacy rate
Percentage of adults that can read and write
HDI
Human development index
Number calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate, education level, and income per head
Between 0-1
DTM
Demographic transition model
Shows how changing birth rates and death rates affect population growth
Stage 1 is the DTM
Least developed
Birth rate Hugh - no contraception use
Lots of children because poor healthcare means infants may die
DeAth rate higher due to poor healthcare or famine and life expectancy is low
Income is very low
Stage 2 DTM
Not very developed
Many LICs in stage 2
Economy based on agriculture so people have lots of children to work on farms which means that birth rates are high
Death rates fall due to improved healthcare and diet so life expectancy increases
Stage 3 DTM
More developed
Most NEEs
Birth rate falls rapidly as women have a more equal place in society and better education
Use of contraception increases
More women work rather than having children
Economy also changes to manufacturing so income increases and fewer children are needed to work on dames.
Healthcare improves so life expectancy increases
Stages 4 and 5
Most developed
HICs
Birth rates are low because people want possessions and a high quality of life and may have dependant elderly relatives so there is less money available for having children
Healthcare is good so the death rate is low and life expectancy is Hugh income is also high
A country is less likely to be less developed if it has… (physical factors?
A poor climate
Poor farming farming land
Few raw materials
Lots of natural hazards
How does a poor climate affect development
Not much will grow. Reduces food produced - malnutrition - LQOL
fewer crops to sell, less money to spend on goods and services - LQOL
less money from taxed (less is sold and bought) - less to spend on developing county
How does poor farming land affect delecopment
Steep or poor soil
Won’t produce a lot of food
How does few raw materials affect development
Countries without many raw materials like coal oil or metal ores tend to make less money because they’ve got fewer products to sell
Less money to spend on development
Some countries do have s lot of raw materials but still aren’t very developed because they don’t have the money to develop the infrastructure to exploit them (roads and ports)
How do lots of natural hazards affect development t
Countries that have a lot have to spend a lot of money rebuilding
Reduces QOL for people affected and reduce amount
Of money government has to spend on development projects
Define natural hazard
Natr process which could cause death injury or disruption to humans or to destroy propert and possessions
Define natural disaster
Natural hazard that has actually happened
Historical reasons for uneven development
Colonisation
Conflict
Colonisation
Countries that were colonised (ruled by a foreign country) are often at a lower level of development when they gain imdoenedsnce than they would be if they had not been colonised
European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century
They controlled the economies of their colonies removed raw materials and slaves and sold back expensive manufactured goods
This was bad for African development as it made parts of Africa dependant on Europe and led to famin and malnutrition
Conflict
War, especially civil wars can slow or reduce levels of development even after the war is over eg healthcare became much wide and thins like infant mortality increase a lot
Money is spent on arms and fighting instead of development people are killed and damage is done to infrastructure and property
A country is more likely to be at a lower level of development if it has… (economic factors)
Poor trade links
Lots of debt
An economy based on primary products
Poor trade links
Trade is exchange of good and servixes between counties
World trade patterns (who traded with whom)
Seriously influence a country’s economy so affect their level of development
If a country has poor trade links it won’t make a lot of money so less to spend on development
Lots of debt
Very poor countries borrow money from other countries and international organisations eg to help cope with the aftermath of a natural disaster
This money has to be paid back(sometimes with interest)
Any money a country makes is used to pay back the debt so it isn’t used to develop
An economy based on primary products
Countries that mostly export primary products tend to be less developed
This is because you don’t make much profit by selling primary products
Their prices fluctuate
Don’t make much money
Countries that export manufactured goods tend to be more developed
Usually make a decent profit
Uneven development has lead to great differences in
Wealth and health and caused larg flows of international migration
Uneven development affecting wealth
People in more developed countries have a higher income than those in less developed countries
Health in uneven development
Healthcare in more development countries is better
People in HICs live longer
Infant mortality is much higher in less developed countries - 85/1000 in chas 4/1000 in uk
Uneven development and international migration
If neighbouring or nearby countries have a higher level of development people will seek to enter that country to make use of the opportunities it provides to improve their quality of life
