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Global Studies > 290 final > Flashcards

290 final Flashcards

1
Q

political anthropology

A

the study of power and authority and systems of organizing social life

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2
Q

power

A

influencing or controlling the behavior of others

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3
Q

authority

A

the right granted to exercise power

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4
Q

coercive power

A

the use of force, legitimate or illegitimate, by individuals or groups

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5
Q

persuasive power

A

the use of words, relationships, and actions that influence others

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6
Q

hegemonic power

A

the dominance of ideas or culture which serve to maintain balance in a society

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7
Q

social sanctions

A

the responses, positive and negative, that people receive for their behavior

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8
Q

formal sanctions

A

approved or delivered by institutions holding official power (fines and other punishments)

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9
Q

informal sanctions

A

positive or negative actions or words intended to shape behavior

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10
Q

bands

A

existing of few than 100 members, most of whom are related to one another through kinship

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11
Q

what is the most ancient political system?

A

bands

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12
Q

what political organization has flexible membership, hunts and gathers, where decisions are made by consensus, is egalitarian and have conflict resolution through informal sanctions?

A

bands

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13
Q

tribes

A

a decentralized political system that may be associated with any economic form

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14
Q

what political system has leadership based on personal ability, where several of them may be united as a society by culture, language, or heritage.

A

tribes

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15
Q

what political system creates associations for temporary purposes and its conflict resolution is informal

A

tribes

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16
Q

chiefdoms/kingdoms

A

a system of political organization involving an inheritable office, which usually passes down through a family line

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17
Q

in what political system is the authority a family or individual?

A

chiefdoms/kingdoms

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18
Q

what political system is the status of the other members of the society understood in relation to the distance between the authority figure, has the ability to consolidate control through coercive means, where the division of labor is more specialized.

A

chiefdoms/kingdoms

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19
Q

what political system redistributes food surpluses through taxation, and has formal conflict resolution?

A

chiefdom/kingdom

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20
Q

states

A

highly centralized forms of political organizations in which authority rests in institutions and offices

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21
Q

what political system’s power resides in an office rather than a person and the members of the society trust the holder of the office to represent their interests

A

states

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22
Q

oligarchy

A

a small group holding power over the majority

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23
Q

why is it important for humans to live in groups?

A
  1. takes a long time for physical and social maturation
  2. need for companionship
  3. the need to stay together to survive
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24
Q

5 properties of groups

A
  1. consists of two or more people
  2. interaction between the people
  3. symbolic objects are present
  4. relation to other people and objects
  5. unit awareness
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25
Q

kinship

A

the way in which people selectively interpret the common human experiences of reproduction and nurturance

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26
Q

what is a “road map” or structure of interpersonal relationships?

A

kinships

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27
Q

what type of relationships are the basis of the social structure in most nonwestern societies

A

kinship relationships

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28
Q

descent

A

a societal rule that assigns identity to a person based on his or her ancestry

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29
Q

unilateral descent

A

a kinship system which traces the descent through one side of the family

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30
Q

cognatic descent

A

traces descent through both maternal and paternal ancestors

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31
Q

patrilineal descent

A

descent traced through the fathers ine

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32
Q

matrilineal descent

A

descent traced through both the mothers lines

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33
Q

dual

A

descent traced through both the mothers and fathers lines

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34
Q

bilateral descent

A

kinship is understood to exist equally through both the mothers and fathers lines

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35
Q

ambilineal descent

A

individuals choose a lineage upon reaching adulthood ( his or her mother or father or the maternal or paternal line of his or her spouse)

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36
Q

affinial ties

A

kinship relationships based on marriage (in-laws)

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37
Q

consanguine ties

A

kinship relationships tied together by biological relationships (blood)

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38
Q

fictive ties

A

a person is legally, ceremonially, or religiously tied into a kinship group (godparent, adoption)

39
Q

orientation

A

family into which he was born

40
Q

procreation

A

family formed by marriage

41
Q

kin type

A

a concept that can be described in every culture (each culture has a father’s sister)

42
Q

kin term

A

a specific term that refers to one or more kin types (aunt, uncle)

43
Q

clans

A

a biologically related group who believe it has descended form a common nonhuman ancestor (god, spirit, animal, or mythical person) often known as the groups totem

44
Q

generational system (hawaiian)

A

all close relatives of the same sex and generation are referred by the same kin term

45
Q

socialization

A

the extended family plays an important role in this process

46
Q

security and aid

A

the kinship system care for the young, the old, and the orphaned. the extended family protects each other

47
Q

social control

A

the kinship system punishes those who go astray, establishes rules, and maintains social order

48
Q

role of family in society

A

the most important social learning takes place in the family. the parents prepare the children for their social roles in society. some of the earliest is in the area of sex-appropriate adult models. the family is the key to the maintenance of society. economic, legal, and religious mechanisms encourage families to stay together

49
Q

bride service

A

the groom works for the bride’s kin for a certain period of time before or after marriage.

50
Q

bride wealth

A

an mount of money possessions, or property given by the groom and his kin to the wife and her kin before, at or after the wedding

51
Q

dowry

A

the practice of the bride’s family providing resources, wealth, or gifts to the groom and his family upon marriage

52
Q

edogamy

A

selection of a spouse from within a culturally defined group

53
Q

exogamy

A

selection of a spouse from a different culture

54
Q

levirate marriage

A

the childless wife who loses her husband marries his brother

55
Q

sororate marriage

A

the man who loses his wife with no children marries her sister

56
Q

courtship

A

through dating people find their own spouse

57
Q

elopement

A

a way of getting married to someone outside or against the marriage rules of a society

58
Q

monogamy

A

the marriage unit consists of one husband and one wife

59
Q

polygamy

A

a family of multiple mates

60
Q

polygyny

A

one man and more than one wife

61
Q

sororal polygyny

A

one man and more than one wife (a woman and her sisters)

62
Q

polyandry

A

one wife and more than one husband

63
Q

fraternal polyandry

A

a man (and his brothers) and one wife

64
Q

group marriage

A

a man (and his brothers) and one wife

65
Q

serial polygamy

A

the practice of having several mates, one at a time (often practiced in the US)

66
Q

nuclear fmaily

A

husband, wife, and children seen as one unit

67
Q

extended family

A

two or more related nuclear families share one household

68
Q

what does scripture have to say about God’s purpose for marriage and family?

A

God established the family before any other institution. the Bible gives us the basis for marriage and lays out the functions and requirements of marriage and the family. the challenge is relating biblical teachings to cultural practices

69
Q

religion

A

the beliefs and practices of a society which in turn form the doctrines and rituals of the religion. a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive and long lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic emphasis on the symbolic dimensions of religion rather than the material dimensions or religiously motivated behaviors

70
Q

what does it mean to study religion from an anthropological perspective and what are the benefits of this approach?

A

using anthropology to study Christianity as a human system can have positive effects on our understanding of God and ourselves

71
Q

discuss four ways in which using anthropology to study Christianity as a human system can have a positive effect on our understanding of God and ourselves.

A
  1. we see how our symbols work in similar ways to other peoples symbols
  2. we see how our symbols intersect with other parts of cultural life
  3. we see how symbols and practices change over time
  4. we see how all religions reflect a common humanity
72
Q

difference between the supernatural in religion and the supernatural in magic

A

in religion: the supernatural is superior to religion

in magic: man seeks to control the supernatural

73
Q

magic

A

ritual practices that are believed to have effects on particular situations

74
Q

witchcraft

A

evil done by a person without the others awareness

75
Q

sorcerer

A

one who has access to spiritual power and uses it for the purpose of harming others

76
Q

3 ways to explain magic

A
  1. chance-almost anything will work a percentage of the time
  2. psychological- if a person believes an event will occur, the person will act on that belief
  3. demonological-satan and his demons have supernatural power
77
Q

animism

A

the word comes from the Latin “anima” meaning breath or soul

78
Q

2 animistic beliefs concerning souls

A
  1. all humans, animals, and plants have souls

2. the soul continues to exist after the physical being ceases to exist

79
Q

supernatural forces

A

an impersonal force that indwells humans, animals, plants, and inanimate objects

80
Q

totemism

A

spiritual unity between an animal or plant and a social group

81
Q

taboo

A

a behavior, artifact, or symbol that must be avoided in order to evade harm

82
Q

funcironalism

A

how does religious beliefs and practices work to stabilize or improve the culture as a whole

83
Q

cultural materialism

A

focuses on environmental adaptation as the force that motivates cultural change

84
Q

symbols

A

an object, sound,action, or idea to which people assign arbitrary meaning

85
Q

rituals

A

the practice of religion

86
Q

rites of intensification

A

rituals in which elements of society, belief, values, or behaviors, are made more dramatic. intense or real than in normal life

87
Q

rites of affliction

A

rituals directed at alleviating suffering or resolving a problem. for Christians, this type of ritual focuses on God and God’s power over illness misfortune, and sin

88
Q

rites of passage

A

the passing of one stage of life to another stages in life are signified by religious rites

89
Q

3 phases in rite of passage

A
  1. separation- symbolically or physically separating those going through the transition from their old identities
  2. liminality- moves people into an identity that is not yet the new but also the old
  3. reintegration- the transformed person is welcomed back into the community in their new identity
90
Q

myth

A

any story with sacred significance

91
Q

functions of religion

A
  1. psychological- religion provides support, consolation, and reconciliation
  2. transcendental- religion provides security and direction
  3. sacrilization- religion legitimizes norms and values
  4. prophetic- religion condemns norms and values which are not consistent with the beliefs of the society
  5. identification- religion tells us who we are
  6. maturation- religion marks the individuals passage through life for him and his society
92
Q

what makes christianity unique among all the religions?

A

we believe that the human race is the result of a special creative act of God. God created humans as biological, sociological, and spiritual with needs in every area. is the only system that will completely meet those needs. is the only system that will completely meet those needs. always expresses itself through a culture. is unique int hat it can be expressed equally well in any culture.

93
Q

what are the 3 ways we can introduce Christianity to other cultures?

A
  1. understand the cultural functions of the religion of the society you are serving
  2. understand the cultural functions of Christianity within your own culture
  3. contextualize Christianity in cultural forms to meet needs in the other culture

Global Studies (2 decks)

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