2.9 Eukaryotic Microbial Cells Flashcards
what do eukaryotic cells have?
- contain several conserved membrane-bound compartments.
-these internal structures are key to complexity and organization.
-discrete functions in dedicated compartments
what do prokaryotic cells NOT have?
- they do not have membrane-bound organelles
Nucleus in a Eukaryotic cell
- defining characteristics of eukaryotic cells.
- it separates genetic material (DNA) from the rest of the cell.
-Proteins related to replicating DNA, packing DNA, transcription of DNA. TRANSLATION IS NOT OCCURING IN NUCLEUS.
-ribosomes are outside the nucleus.
Mitochondria in Eukaryotic cell
- almost universal amongst eukaryotes. (few protists lack mitochondria)
-it is the battery of the cell or the energy center of the cell. It is the site of respiration and ATP production.
a. diff cell =diff mitochondria.
- vary in number and shape based on cell type and tissues.
- it contains its own genomes and ribosomes.
- it evolved from ALPHAPROBACTERIUM
Golgi and ER in Eukaryotic cell
- they work together and act as the UPS or canada post.
- they are involved in modifying and sorting proteins to be secreted from cell or translocated to other parts of the cell.
a. GLYCOSYLATION: an important
modification –> Proteins are
glycosylated by adding glycan (sugars) - proteins and other molecules are packaged into vesicles and trafficked around the cell. (ship off stuff packaged in vesicles. )
what is a cytoskeleton?
- Dynamic protein filament network involved in cell shape,
transport within the cell, cell movement and more (unique feature of eukaryote) - keeps the cell the way it is in its structure.
what is a vacuole?
- Membrane bound compartment, often for storing nutrients
and/or waste.
what is a lysoomes?
- are specialized vacuoles found in many animals
cells that contain enzymes to break down incoming nutrients - break food down –> allows digestion
what is a chloroplast?
-Found in phototrophs (like plants and algea) – contain the machinery for photosynthesis
- found in organism that use sunlight as an energy source –> came form cyanobacteria.
what is a vesicle?
- Small, membrane bound compartments used extensively to traffic
materials around the cell, into/out of cells and between organelles
what is a cell wall?
- Some eukaryotes have one (plants, fungi), others don’t (animals).
Much diversity in structure. - diverse and diff types of cell walls
- variation in whether the organism has a cell wall or not.
What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its cell structure?
- it is a model yeast organism.
-Relatively small/simple eukaryote, but
still contains considerable internal
compartmentalization
Compare E.coli to Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are 20 times larger than E.coli.
- E. coli lacks internal compartmentalization.
what are all eukaryotes descendants of?
- last common eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA)
- they share common aspects of their cell biology (cytoskeleton, nucleus, golgi …)
What is remarkable diversity?
-Many different lineages branched off long ago
-Differences even show up in cell biology
In how many supergroups are Microbial Eukaryotes present in?
- 5 subgroups of eukarya
Do eukaryotes have limited metabolic diversity compared to prokaryotes? (True or False)
- True (most are obligate aerobes and use either photosynthesis or organic compounds for energy)
Microbial Eukaryotes Diversity
- we start with LECA
- then we branched into plants and animals (big eukaryotes)
- We had the formation of microbes, green algae branched off of plants, and fungi (close to animals) branched off of animals.
- There is secondary endosymbiosis on the plant’s side, organisms actually stole chloroplast from another organism. Chloroplast is the result of secondary endosymbiosis.
- Below LECA we have bacteria, it can either be a mitochondrial ancestor (primary endosymbiosis) which leads to LECA directly. OR the bacteria can be a chloroplast ancestor (primary endosymbiosis) which leads to the branching of plants.
what is an algae?
- definition is highly variable.
-algae is basically photosynthetic organism that are not plants
-algae includes microbes (microalgae -single celled) - algae includes non-microbes (macroalgae -multicellular)
Are algae diverse?
- there is ten or hundreds of thousands of species.
-many are single celled eukaryotes - many algae is used in foods and fertilizers, especially for biofuels.
What is a fungi?
- is one of the 5 kingdoms of life
-it is a kingdom of life that includes both microbes (yeast) and nonmicrobes (mushrooms) - microbial group is most closely elated to animals.
Are fungi motile?
- fungi are nonmotile.
what are the cell walls of fungi made up of?
- it is made up of chitin, which is a polysaccharide .
Are fungi pathogens?
- some fungi are pathogens of plants or animals.
