28.3 Further synthetic routes Flashcards
How do you get from a alkane to a haloalkane?
Free radical substitution (substitution reaction)
Halogen (eg. Cl2) and UV
How do you get from a alkene to a alkane?
Electrophilic addition
H2, Nickel catalyst, 150°c
How do you get from a alkene to a haloalkane?
Electrophilic addition
Hydrogen halide (HBr, HCl), at RTP
How do you get from a alkene to an alcohol?
Electrophilic addition
H2O gas (steam) / dilute H3PO4, 300°, 150 atm
How do you get from a haloalkane to an alcohol?
Nucleophilic substitution
Warm NaOH, reflux
How do you get from a haloalkane to a nitrile?
Nucleophilic substitution
CN- / ethanol
(NaCN)
How do you get from a haloalkane to an amine?
Nucleophilic substitution
Excess concentrated NH3, ethanol solvent, heat
How do you get from a nitrile to a carboxylic acid?
Acid hydrolysis
H2O, HCl, heat
How do you get from a nitrile to an amine?
Reduction
H2/ nickel catalyst
How do you get from an alcohol to an alkene?
Elimination
Concentrated H2SO4, heat
How do you get from an alcohol to a haloalkane?
Nucleophilic substitution
Sodium halide/ H2SO4
How do you get from a 2° alcohol to a ketone?
Oxidation
K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4, heat under reflux
How do you get from an alcohol to an ester?
Esterification
Carboxylic acid, concentrated H2SO4
OR
Acid anhydride
How do you go from an 1° alcohol to a carboxylic acid?
Oxidation
K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4, heat under reflux
How do you go from a 1° alcohol to a aldehyde?
Oxidation
K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4, heat under distillation
How do you go from a ketone to an alcohol?
NaBH4
How do you go from an aldehyde to a hydroxynitrile?
Nucleophilic addition
NaCN / H+
How do you go from a ketone to a hydroxynitrile?
Nucleophilic addition
NaCN (aq) / H+ (aq)
How do you go from a hydroxynitrile to a carboxylic acid?
H2O/ HCl, heat
How do you go from a aldehyde to an alcohol?
Reduction
NaBH4
How do you go from an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?
Oxidation
K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4, heat under reflux
How do you go from a carboxylic acid to an ester?
Esterification
Alcohol/ concentrated H2SO4, reflux
How do you go from a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride?
SOCl2
How do you go from a carboxylic acid to an acid anhydride?
Acid hydrolysis
H2O
How do you go from an ester to a carboxylic acid?
Acid hydrolysis
Dilute acid, heat
How do you go from an ester to a carboxylate?
OH-, heat
How do you go from an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid?
Acid hydrolysis
H20
How do you go from a acyl chloride to an ester?
Nucleophilic addition elimination
Alcohol
How do you go from a acyl chloride to a secondary amide?
Nucleophilic addition elimination
Primary amide
How do you go from a acyl chloride to a primary amide?
Nucleophilic addition elimination
NH3 concentrated
