2801 unit 8

Question 1

quantitative research study

Answer 1

structured, numeric, “who, what, when, where”

Question 2

qualitative research study

Answer 2

unstructured/semi-structured, “why and how”, opinion and perspective based

Question 3

ontology

Answer 3

reality (realism and relativism)

Question 4

epistemology

Answer 4

knowledge (positivism and constructivism)

Question 5

axiology

Answer 5

values (context free vs context bound)

Question 6

4 theoretical paradigms (based on reality!!)

Answer 6

positivism, constructivism, critical theory, pragmatism

Question 7

4 philosophical orientations

Answer 7

ontology, epistemology, axiology, methodology

Question 8

methodology *

Answer 8

approach to data collection and analysis

Question 9

positivism

Answer 9

assumes reality is knowable, the response should be logical (black and white - there is 1 answer),
this is quantitative because there is 1 answer

Question 10

constructivism

Answer 10

the relativist perspective (everything is relative), assumes each individuals reality is based on their own experiences.
this is clearly qualitative because it is perspective based

Question 11

interpretivism

Answer 11

reality in the social world to be different from reality in the natural world
this is also qualitative

Question 12

critical theory

Answer 12

reality is dependent on social historical construct (may use action research approach)
this is clearly qualitative because reality is dependent

Question 13

pragmatism

Answer 13

reality is situational. the goal is to solve problems
(this is also clearly qualitative)

Question 14

phenomenology

Answer 14

how people find meaning in their own experiences and feelings

Question 15

4 qualitative methodologies

Answer 15

phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case study

Question 16

bracketing

Answer 16

researcher sets aside their preconceived ideas to open their mind to the new meanings expressed by participants

Question 17

grounded theory

Answer 17

uses observations to develop theories about human behaviour

Question 18

theoretical sampling

Answer 18

data collection continues until saturation (you collect data until you make the conclusion for your theory)

Question 19

ethnography

Answer 19

study of people and cultures in their natural environment. researcher aims to develop an insiders view of a sociocultural group to understand their world

Question 20

emic perspective

Answer 20

(e-MICKAELA) we are both Italian….
therefore emic = insiders perspective

Question 21

etic perspective

Answer 21

(e-tiffany).. I dont know a single Italian named Tiffany
therefore etc = outsiders perspective

Question 22

case study

Answer 22

uses multiple data sources to examine one group
ex. using surveys, in depth interviews, discussion groups, all to examine Italians

Question 23

mixed methods

Answer 23

use of both qualitative and quantitative research methods… assume they use multiple data sources as well

Question 24

exploratory research

Answer 24

DISCOVER new ideas

Question 25

explanatory research

Answer 25

test EXISTING hypotheses

Question 26

the key to qualitative data collection is…

Answer 26

TRANSPARENCY

Question 27

2 issues with qualitative data

Answer 27

• hard to remain objective
• bias

Question 28

semi structured interview

Answer 28

open ended questions as starting points to get responses from participants

Question 29

probing technique

Answer 29

prompting interviewees to provide a more specific response

Question 30

observing & recording technique

Answer 30

paying attention to body language, and expressions (any non-verbal communications)

Question 31

focus group

Answer 31

small amount of people (8-10) encourages to interact with each other over 1-2 hours of discussion, with a moderator

Question 32

4 observational methods

Answer 32

naturalistic
controlled
participant
field notes

Question 33

naturalistic

Answer 33

observing participants in their natural setting, they do not know they are being observed or studied (covert) = covered

Question 34

controlled

Answer 34

study done in a lab setting, participants are aware they are being studied (overt) = openly

Question 35

participant observation

Answer 35

researcher seeks to understand a population by immersing themselves in the practices in their community and natural environment

Question 36

field notes

Answer 36

records, transcripts, documents recorded during the observational research process

Question 37

qualitative observational data

Answer 37

makes inferences based on observations (inductive and flexible)

Question 38

quantitative observational data

Answer 38

makes inferences based on facts (deductive and linear)

Question 39

content analysis

Answer 39

categorize contextual data
1. analyst systematically codes the text using labels and categories derived from the text or from existing theories or previous research findings
2. The analyst determines which codes occur most often
3. analyst then uses that information to identify the most prominent patterns and themes in text

Question 40

constant comparison

Answer 40

qualitative data is collected and analyzed simultaneously, they receive the data and analyze it. As opposed to beginning analysis after all data is collected

Question 41

narrative analysis

Answer 41

seeks to understand personal stories (content, structure, communication)

Question 42

discourse analysis

Answer 42

uses tools of linguistics to evaluate/assess the written and spoken language of participants

Question 43

coding (indexing)

Answer 43

summarize content of each item

Question 44

code

Answer 44

label attached to a word or phrase

Question 45

goal of coding

Answer 45

describe participant characteristics, emotions, values, evaluations, judgments, processes, or actions

Question 46

grouping related codes

Answer 46

identify trends and patterns and relationships

Question 47

synthesizing codes

Answer 47

identify the concepts, meanings, and themes

Question 48

theory

Answer 48

construct that provides a systematic explanation about a phenomenon