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A&P Winter > 28. Reproductive System > Flashcards

28. Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

The Reproductive Systems includes

A

Primary sex organs (gonads)
- produce gametes and sex hormones

Accessory structures
- ducts, glands and external genitalia

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2
Q

Dartos Muscle

A
  • smooth muscle in scrotum
  • Cold = contracts = winkling skin
  • Hot = releaxes = loose skin
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3
Q

Cremaster Muscle

A
  • skeletal muscle at scrotum
  • Cold = contracts = testes move closer
  • Hot = releaxes = testes hang lower
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4
Q

tunica albuginea

A
  • fibrous capsule surrounding the testes
  • divides the testes into > 250 lobules
  • each lobule contains 1-4 highly coiled seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced
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5
Q

2 types of cells in seminiferous tubules:

A
  • Spermatogenic cells – give rise to sperm

* Sertoli (sustentacular) cells – nourish, protect and support spermatogenic cells

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6
Q

Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells

A
  • Form blood – testis barrier
  • Substances from blood must pass thru Sertoli cells before they reach developing sperm
  • Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids + sperm
  • Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm
  • Control movements of spermatogenic cells
  • Control release of sperm into lumen
  • Produce fluid for sperm transport
  • Regulate effects of FSH and testosterone
  • Secrete hormone – inhibin (inhibits FSH release)
  • Secrete androgen – binding protein into lumen → binds testosterone therefore keep it high for final stages of spermatogenesis
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7
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

• Occurs in seminiferous tubules
• 64-72 days
• Spermatogonia (stem cells that are 2N and remain dormant until puberty) divide by mitosis giving rise to type A and B spermatogonia
> Type A cells remain at basement membrane as a reservoir of cells for future cell division
> Type B cells grow and move toward lumen, called primary spermatocytes

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8
Q

spermiogenesis

A

haploid spermatids into spermatozoa (become elongated sperm)

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9
Q

Spermatozoa has 3 parts:

A

head – has nucleus and acrosome
midpiece – contains mitochondria
tail – is a flagellum

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10
Q

Pathway of Sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules–>Straight tubules –> rete testis –> efferent ducts –> epididymis –> ductus deferens –>ampulla–>ejaculatory duct–>prostatic urethra –> intermediate urethra–>spongy urethra

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11
Q

Internal Penis

A

corpora cavernosa (two lateral masses)

corpus spongiosum (midventral mass containing the spongy urethra)

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12
Q

Male Accessory Glands

A 
Produce seminal fluid and include: 
Seminal Vesicles (2):  60% vol, released into ejaculatory ducts

Prostate Gland (1): 35% vol, empties into prostatic urethra

Bulbourethral Glands (2): 5% vol, released into urethra

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13
Q

Semen Function

A
  • provide sperm with a transport medium
  • provide sperm with nutrients
  • neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female vagina
  • contains an antibiotic to destroy bacteria in semen and lower female reproductive tract
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14
Q

Ovaries

A

• Surrounded by tunica albuginea
• cortex and medulla
> outer cortex: ovarian follicles
> inner medulla: loose CT, blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

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15
Q

Uterus

A

• has a fundus, body, cervix
• receives fertilized ovum
• protects and nourishes embryo
• wall has 3 layers:
> outer perimetrium
> middle myometrium
> inner endometrium (functional layer + basal layer)
- Functional: sloughs off during menstruation
- Basal: that gives rise to a new functional layer after menstruation

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16
Q

Vagina

A
  • passageway for infant, discharge of menstrual fluid and receives semen
  • lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium for protection from abrasion
17
Q

cervix mucosal cells produce mucus

A
  • at ovulation, mucus is less viscous
  • mucus can block cervical canal when not fertile (impedes sperm)
  • blocks spread of bacteria (vagina → uterus)
18
Q

Pathway of Oocyte

A

Secondary oocyte: Ovary–>infundibulum–>fimbriae–>(4 days later)oviduct–> FERTILIZATION OCCURS–> (6-7 days later) Uterus

19
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • BEGINS BEFORE BIRTH!!
  • Occurs in ovarian follicles in cortex of ovary
  • Ovarianfolliclesare the basic units of female reproductive biology. Each of them contains a singleoocyte
  • Oogonia (2N) –> [mitosis] primary oocytes (2N)–> [meiosis I] secondary oocyte (n) + first polar body

Puberty:
• FSH releases: primordial follicle –> primary follicle –> granulosa cells (produce estrogen)
• primary follicle –> secondary follicle –> a mature Graafian follicle
• Graafian follicle migrates to ovary surface
• LH triggers ovulation –> follicle ruptures –> secondart oocyte moves to oviduct –> fertilization –> [meiosis II] –> ovum + second polar body

  • Remainder of ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum (secrete progesterone and estrogen)
  • If NO fertilization: corpus luteum –> corpus albicans
20
Q

Hormonal Ctrl of Testes

A

Hypothalamus is in charge, just know gonadotropin GNRH (a releasing hormone from thalamus)
GNRH goes from capiliary bed in hypothalamus –>capiliary bed in anterior pituitary –> releases FSH LH

21
Q

Role of FSH in Testes

A

FSH –> Sertoli (in seminiferous tubules) release androgen binding protein (can bind testosterone)

22
Q

Role of LH in Testes

A

LH–> Leydid release testosterone

23
Q

Inhibin

A

hormone released by the Sertoli cells which suppresses the production of FSH once spermatogenesis has progressed

24
Q

2 Female Reproductive Cycle

A

Ovarian cycle – events involved in maturation of an oocyte

Menstrual (Uterine) cycle – events that prepare uterine endometrium to receive a fertilized ovum

Cycle is about 28 days

25
Q

Menstrual (Uterine) Cycle

A

Menstrual Phase – days 1-5
- discharge of menstrual flow
- shed entire functional layer of endometrium
occurs when ovarian hormones are low

Proliferative Phase – days 6-13

  • as estrogen levels increase from developing follicles, basal layer regenerates a new functional layer
  • glands and blood vessels increase in number

Secretory Phase – days 14-28

  • progesterone and estrogen from the corpus luteum stimulate further development of the endometrium (becomes even more vascular and glandular to prepare for implantation of embryo)
  • if fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates which lowers the hormone levels and triggers the menstrual phase to begin again
26
Q

Ovarian Cycle: 2 phases

A

Follicular Phase

Luteal Phase

27
Q

Ovarian Cycle: Follicular Phase

A

1-14: FOLICLE GROWTH

1) hypothalamus secretes GnRH which causes anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH which stimulate follicle growth and maturation
2) ovulation occurs on day 14
3) Graafian follicle ruptures and releases secondary oocyte

28
Q

Ovarian Cycle: Luteal Phase

A

15-28 (constant length): CORPUS LUTEUM ACTIVITY

1) corpus luteum forms from ruptured follicle and secretes progesterone and estrogens
2) high estrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH
3a) secondary oocyte NOT fertilized: corpus luteum degenerates –> corpus albicans
3b) If secondary oocyte IS fertilized: corpus luteum maintain progesterone and estrogen levels until placenta takes over this function
4) embryo implants in uterus ~ 6 days after fertilization

A&P Winter (10 decks)

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